Future Tenses, Conditionals and Art History Study Notes

Geology23 Oct 20267.99 KB

Future Tenses

Future Continuous

Affirmative: Subject + will be + Verb-ing

Future Perfect

Affirmative: Subject + will have + past participle (do, did, done)

Vocabulary

Unit 2

observing
analysing procedures
conducting
test a theory
provide evidence
demonstrate the possibility
major breakthrough
adopted an approach
fields of study
process data
variety of sources

Phrasal verbs:

plug in
looked at (ways)
hooked up
bring up
take in info
took away
takes after
show off
go over calculations
rely on

Unit 3

made improvements
influenced / inspired
make advances in
turning point
transform
overcome difficulties
making the world of difference
remarkable achievement
seeking ways to improve

Phrasal verbs:

turn out
take over
move into
go through

Modal Verbs

Ability: can / could / be able to
Advice: should / ought to
Obligation: must / have to
Lack of obligation: mustn't / don't have to / needn't

Conditionals

Zero: If + Present Simple, Present Simple. Example: If I oversleep, I miss the bus.

First: If + Present, will + verb. Example: If I go to London, I will see Big Ben.

Second: If + Past Simple, would + verb. Example: If he kissed me, I would cry.

Third: If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle. Example: If you had studied, you wouldn't have failed your exam.

Climate Change Glossary

Adaptation: strategy to adjust the effects of climate change; the way we cope with climate change.

Atmosphere: layers of gases surrounding the Earth.

Blackbody: object that absorbs the radiation that hits it.

Carbon dioxide: greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, written CO₂.

Climate system: the way the physical atmosphere interacts with the Earth's biosphere and humans to determine the weather.

Climate change: changes in weather patterns caused by global warming.

Energy: the ability to do work; measured in joules. Energy over time is power, measured in watts.

Fossil fuels: hydrocarbon deposits such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas.

Greenhouse effect: the atmosphere's ability to trap heat because of the presence of greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases: atmospheric gases that absorb and emit radiation.

Heat: energy that increases a body's temperature; energy transferred by conduction, radiation, or convection.

Mitigation: moderating the force or intensity of climate change, involving decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases to stop their increase in the atmosphere.

Radiation: energy transfer through the electromagnetic spectrum.

Renewable resource: source of energy replenished over and over again. Examples: hydropower, wind power, solar power, and geothermal power.

Weather: expression of the climate system over short time scales.

Reservoir: large lake or tank for storing water.

Global warming: gradual increase in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere, attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by pollutants.

Art History

Le déjeuner sur l'herbe - Édouard Manet

Date: 1863 | Style: Realism / Impressionism | Technique: Oil on canvas | Location: Musée d'Orsay (France) | Theme: Everyday scene, middle-class habits: a woman with painters on the grass, a woman in the water.

Context:

Second Empire of Napoleon III
Realism (Flaubert, Balzac)
Industrial progress, fascination with inventions
Artistic possibilities of iron

Formal characteristics:

Flat but detailed figures
Loose brushstrokes
Natural light
Divided into three horizontal planes
Protagonist: the woman
Mythological painting of the Renaissance

Meaning: a nude woman in a everyday setting without a biblical or mythological excuse. A manifesto of modern painting and of the artist's freedom. A provocation of the artistic tradition: a large format used for a genre scene.

Eros and Psyche - Antonio Canova

Date: 1787-1793 | Style: Neoclassicism | Material: Marble | Location: Louvre Museum (France) | Theme: The myth of Eros and Psyche; the triumph of love over death.

Context:

French Revolution, 1789
Enlightenment
National consciousness

Formal characteristics:

Freestanding sculpture
Smooth texture: polished with volcanic stone, bathed in lime and acid
Monochrome
Expresses movement through poses
The kiss encircled by Psyche's arms

Function: decorative. It reached Napoleon because it was stolen by General Marat.

Influence: Greek sculpture; survival of the Baroque.

The Starry Night - Vincent van Gogh

Date: 1889 | Style: Post-Impressionism | Technique: Oil on canvas | Location: MoMA (New York) | Theme: A landscape seen from his room in the sanatorium where he was interned; an interest in expressing the colours of the night.

Context:

French Third Republic
Rise of the proletariat in France
Beginnings of Positivism and Naturalism
Late 19th-century trends; engineering, Eiffel

Formal characteristics:

Symbiosis of colour and drawing
Blues and greens contrast with yellow
Undulating flows
Two parts: earth (village) and sky
Cypress: depth effect, unites the parts
Brushstrokes with different rhythms, giving a vibrant and decisive character
Cypress, village, stars: creative will

Meaning: natural elements used to describe perception, feelings, and religious longing.

Function: gives form to an intimate crisis with a religious component; landscape and theme.

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople - Anthemius and Isidore

Formal analysis:

Rectangular plan
Four piers delimit a square of 31 m, supporting the weight of the dome
Pendentive system at the arches
Semicircular arch pillar
Walls with openings

Exterior and interior space:

Dome on a drum with 40 windows
Openings at the crown of the nave let in light, forming a

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