The Evolution of the Spanish Railway Network (1855-1866)
The Rail Network
With the exception of some short stretches like Barcelona-Mataró, Madrid-Aranjuez, and Langreo-Gijón, the railway network began to develop following the Act of 1855.
Historical Context and Early Plans
Between the end of the reign of Ferdinand VII and the 1855 Act, a series of aborted plans aimed to link short-distance export areas to the coast. These initiatives failed to receive government assistance.
Under the royal decree of 1844, several short lines were built, and many more were proposed amidst an orgy of speculation. This period was marked by scandals and few tangible transport improvements, which contributed to the fall of O'Donnell and the rise of the Progressive Party in 1854. Under the aegis of that party, the Law of 1855 was enacted.
Challenges to Railway Development
Why did it take so long to build railways in a country that needed them so desperately? The answer lies in a vicious circle of underdevelopment, government inertia, and economic backwardness. Capital, technical expertise, and entrepreneurship were inadequate, while government vision and effectiveness failed to compensate for private sector shortcomings.
The situation changed with the arrival of the Progressives, who prioritized economic development and the importation of capital. They believed the railway was essential for modernizing the Spanish economy and were willing to commit all necessary resources, both domestic and imported.
The 1855 Railway Act and Financial Reform
The law encouraged the formation of railroad corporations by:
- Providing government grants.
- Guaranteeing investors against certain risks.
- Lowering import duties on transport equipment.
The Railway Act was complemented by two additional laws—the Issuing Banks Act and the Credit Societies Act—which facilitated the rapid formation of a banking system to finance the first phase of construction (1856–1866). During these years, 1,900 km of track went into operation, eventually reaching 4,500 km out of a planned 13,200 km.
Drivers of Rapid Construction (1856–1866)
The rapid pace of construction during this decade was driven by:
- Determined state support.
- Massive influx of foreign capital, technology, and initiative.
- Contribution of national capital and initiatives (notably from Catalonia, the Basque Country, and the Valencian region, supported by government guarantees).