European History: Revolutions and Societal Shifts
Social Structure Under the Old Regime
| Privileged | Underprivileged | Nobility | Clergy | Third Estate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not taxed | Pay taxes | Landowners | High: Bishops, Cardinals | Field: Poor peasant proprietors |
| Senior | Was a heterogeneous group | Under: Friars, Cures | City: Bourgeoisie had accumulated large fortunes | |
| Minority | 80% of the population |
Larra, Maverick, and Comvirtio are critical in a romantic man tormented.
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution is called the set of changes that occurred in the product development process and the consequent number of transformations social and economic, starting in England in the mid-eighteenth century.
| Under the Old Regime | From the Industrial Revolution |
|---|---|
| Manual labor | Machines; constant technological innovations |
| Artisans | Workers concentrated in factories |
| Low use of energy | Various sources of energy |
| Slow development | Production in less time |
| High cost | Abaratamiento (lowering) production costs |
Agricultural and Technological Advances
- Three-year rotation with fallow, four-year rotation without fallow.
- Machinery: Watt steam engine (1769), Cartwright power loom (1785).
Key Political Events (18th and 19th Centuries)
Unification of Germany (1864–1871)
Treaties and Early Revolts
- Peace of Utrecht (1713/Eighteenth Century Lights)
- Treaty of Versailles (1783/Assembly)
The French Revolution
The National Assembly vowed not to dissolve until a constitution was drafted.
France / 1st Phase (1789–1792)
- The people took the symbol of royal power.
- Assembly reforms: French National Bill of Rights of Man and Citizen, abolition of feudal rights.
- Constitution 1791: King (executive), Legislative Assembly, Judges (judiciary).
2nd Stage and Reign of Terror: Republic (1792–1795)
- Sans-culottes: Members of the lower classes.
- Jacobins were given the right to vote and were supporters of Robespierre.
- Key figures: Marat, Danton, and Robespierre.
Stage 3: Moderate Revolution: The Directory (1795–1799)
Napoleon gave a coup (1799) and ended the Directory.
The Rule of Napoleon (1799–1814)
- 1802 Consul, Emperor in 1804.
- Napoleon abroad: Aimed to unify Europe, but faced three inconveniences: UK, Spain, and Russia.
- 1814: He was deported to the island of Elba; restoration of the monarchy.
- Battle of Waterloo (1815) and he was banished to the island of St. Helena where he died.
The Peninsular War (Spanish War of Independence)
- Beginning of the war: May 2, 1808.
- Uprising that was ruthlessly suppressed by France.
- Local boards were created and coordinated by a central provincial body.
- End of the war: April 11, 1814, when General [Spanish General] beat General Dupont.
- Victory at Bailén (Jaén) in 1808.
Causes of the Emancipation of America
- Influences of revolutions.
- Weakness of Spain's military and political rights.
- Restriction of the Creoles.
Between 1811 and 1830, we lost all the American colonies except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
Liberalism Principles
Individual freedoms, separation of powers, participation of citizens in free elections, freedom of trade.