Ethico-Political Thought and Medieval Philosophy

Ethico-Political Thought

Ethico-political thought is heavily influenced by Aristotelian hedonistic ethics, where happiness is considered the ultimate end, and teleology, which posits that this end is achieved through the specific capabilities of human life. True happiness is reached by devoting one's life to achieving the highest knowledge, as earthly life alone does not constitute auténtica (authentic) happiness.

The Three Laws

To reach this state, three laws must be followed:

• Lex Aeterna (Eternal Law): Governs the behavior of all creatures.
• Lex Naturalis (Natural Law): Derived from natural tendencies, such as protecting life, doing no harm to others, and seeking the truth.
• Lex Positiva (Positive Law): Rules prepared for man to live in society.

All laws are subordinated to Natural Law.

Political Philosophy

The political framework is based on Aristotelian ideas regarding the natural sociability of man, asserting that the state is not merely conventional. This is made compatible with a theocentric vision of reality. The state's function is to seek the common good and ensure the salvation of the soul of its citizens. For laws to be fair, they must be subordinate to natural law.

Historical Context

This period belongs to the late Middle Ages, marking the awakening of Europe. Christendom was divided between the Emperor and the Pope, who fought for absolute power. The Concordat of Worms eventually recognized the superiority of the Pope, placing religious power above political power. This era saw the rise of hereditary monarchies, leading to the formation of modern European states.

Sociocultural Context

The feudal system began to decline as urban life revived. The bourgeoisie emerged, consisting of merchants and bankers, though medieval society remained largely estamental (stratified). The economy improved due to technical advances and good harvests, leading to population migration to cities and frequent social conflicts. This period also saw a resurgence of culture, notably the Gothic style.

Philosophical Context

The philosophical framework incorporates influences from earlier thinkers, adapted to be compatible with a theological vision of the world.