Essential English Grammar and Vocabulary Cheat Sheet

Modal Verbs and Relative Clauses

• Must have + past participle: Certainty.
• Should have + past participle: Regret.
• May/Might have + past participle: Possibility.
• Could have + past participle: Could have been done, but wasn't.
• Can’t have + past participle: Impossibility.
• Relative Pronouns: Who (person), which (thing), where (place), whose (possession).

Essential Vocabulary

• People: Acquaintance, flatmate, neighbor, boss, step-sister, classmate, relative.
• Adjectives & Descriptions: Shy, wrong, right, auburn, casual, clean-shaven, good-looking, outgoing, shocking, boring, exhausting, busy, restful, cheerful, pale.
• Verbs & Phrases: Get on, develop, networking, mistake, so far, look forward, as soon as, until, go on, during, enough, appear, have fun, worry, sense, taste, poor, hurry, catch up, keep, hang out, spend.

English Verb Tenses

Future and Present Tenses

• Future Perfect: Action completed at a specific future moment (will have + past participle / won't have + past participle).
• Future Perfect Continuous: Continuity of a future action at a specific moment (will be + -ing / won't be + -ing).
• Be going to: Actions happening very soon (next month, next week).
• Present Simple: I live / I don't live.
• Present Continuous: I'm going to / I'm not at the moment.
• Present Perfect Simple: I have / he has + past participle / I haven't / he hasn't.

Past Tenses

• Past Simple: Completed past action (I started + past form / I didn't + infinitive / Did he + infinitive?).
• Past Continuous: An action interrupted by another (I was + -ing).
• Used to: Past habits that no longer occur.

Personal Reflection

I was a very good student in high school; my teachers were very demanding about discipline. I had several subjects like math, English, and economy. There were 15 students in my classroom, and during class, we had to behave with respect and silence so the teacher wouldn’t get mad at us. I would like to study for the police in the future, but it is difficult because there are few places. Our English teacher is very sympathetic and young; shortly, she will marry and end English classes early.