Enlightenment Reforms of Charles III in Spain
Causes of the Esquilache Riots
The existence of popular unrest due to the scarcity and rising bread prices caused by poor harvests in 1765 and the price liberalization policies.
The opposition to the foreign presence in the government.
The opposition of the privileged wing to government reform measures.
The Trigger and Immediate Consequences
The trigger was a decree banning the use of some traditional male dress, prompting a violent revolt that meant the cessation of Esquilache and the paralysis of further reform.
Moderate Reforms Under Charles III
The government adopted more moderate reformist political features, but they did not stop. Their promoters changed and were now Spanish. Highlighted figures include Campomanes, the Count of Aranda, and Floridablanca. Behind these were Francisco Cabarrús, Pablo de Olavide, Jovellanos, etc.
The reforms promoted covered all areas:
Religious and Ecclesiastical Reforms
The Church was the most powerful institution of the monarchy; therefore, enlightened thinkers sought to reduce that power. Regalism worsened during the reign of Charles III.
He expelled the Jesuits in 1767.
He suppressed popular religious traditions.
He limited the power of the Inquisition.
Economic Liberalization and Development
Economic reform: Measures were taken where some intended to increase tax collection and others moved to improve productive activities. These expressed a growing influence of economic liberalism and a progressive abandonment of mercantilism. Agricultural development was promoted by limiting the privileges of the Mesta, and settling or disentailing unsettled lands and the commons.
Military and Social Restructuring
Military reforms: A conscription system was established, the army structure was reorganized, and a body of professional officers was created. Some ordinances were passed that lasted until the twentieth century.
Social reform: Industrial and commercial labor was dignified, bullfights were regulated, and marginalized disadvantaged groups were checked. Educational and scientific development was supported, and the Patriotic Societies (PAS) were created.
Institutional and Municipal Changes
Institutional reforms: These were limited to municipal power. To control local oligarchies, Charles III introduced local government positions chosen by the population: Trustees and Members of the Commons. This measure faced the hostility of the privileged classes.