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English Grammar Tenses, Idioms and Vocabulary Guide for Learners

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English Tenses

Present Perfect

Structure: subject + have/has + past participle (3rd column verb)

Negative: have/has + not + past participle

Question: have/has + subject + past participle

Used for actions that started in the past and continue now, past actions with present consequences, and actions that have just happened.

  • Just, never, already (affirmative)
  • Ever, yet (negative and questions)
  • Already, ever, yet, just (questions)

Example: I have played basket for two years. How long have you played basket? - For two years.

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure: subject + has/have + been + verb-ing

Used for actions that have recently finished or are still ongoing.

Example: It has been raining for two hours.

Future Simple

Structure: subject + will (not) + infinitive

Question: will + subject + infinitive

Used for predictions, fixed timetables, and decisions made at the moment of speaking.

Examples: This evening, in an hour... I am too tired. I will go in a taxi.

Going To

Structure: am/is/are (not) + going to + infinitive

Question: are + subject + going to + infinitive

Used for planned actions and predictions based on present evidence.

Example: Be careful! You are going to fall.

Present Continuous

Structure: am/is/are + verb-ing

Future Continuous

Structure: subject + will (not) be + verb-ing

Question: will + subject + be + verb-ing

Used to describe what will be happening at a specific moment in the future.

Want

Structure: want + object + infinitive

Examples: Joe wants to go to the park. Joe wants me to go to the park.

Future Perfect

Structure: subject + will (not) have + past participle (3rd column verb)

Question: will + subject + have + past participle

Used to show that an action will be completed before a specific time in the future. It is often used with by.

Idioms

  • Throw in the towel - to give up
  • The ball's in your court - it is your turn to act
  • Hitting below the belt - to act cruelly or unfairly
  • Learn the ropes - to understand how things work
  • Have a head start - to begin earlier than others

Adjective Order

Opinion - Size - Age - Shape - Colour - Origin - Material - Noun

Writing Guides

Biography

Introduction, early life, career, achievements, future plans.

Landmark Description

Name, location, two details, why it is special, description, examples, conclusion and opinion.

Useful Adjectives

Towering, modern, marvellous, spectacular, spacious, breathtaking, noisy, lovely, elegant, peaceful, ancient, colourful, grand, majestic, luxurious, huge, lively, unusual, crowned.

Useful Vocabulary

  • Accomplishment - lorpen
  • Award - sari
  • Bare - landaretza gabe
  • Challenge - erronka
  • Endurance - erresistentzia
  • Enhance - hobetu
  • Deal with - ekin kargu egin
  • Defeat - porrot
  • Devastating - suntsitzaile
  • Disability - ezgaitasuna
  • Disorder - nahasmendua
  • Huge - handi
  • Join - kide egin
  • Leisure - aisia
  • Lengthen - luzatu
  • Limb - gorputz adar
  • Luxury - luxua
  • Overcome - gainditu
  • Overturn - deuseztatu
  • Performance - errendimendu
  • Point out - seinalatu
  • Reach for - eskua luzatu
  • Request - eskaera
  • Resort - turismo gune
  • Ruler - agintari
  • Seek - bila ibili
  • Shore - ertz
  • Source - iturri
  • Spare - aski
  • Speed - abiadura
  • Strength - indar
  • Struggle - borrokatu
  • Superhuman - gizadiko gainetik
  • Surface - gainazal
  • Take up - ekin zerbaiti
  • Unfair - bidegabeko
  • Willpower - borondate

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