Earth's Water Cycle, Internal Structure, and Tectonic Plates: Study Notes

1. Evaporation: Liquid water turns into water vapor.

2. Transpiration: Water released by plants into the atmosphere as vapor.

3. Condensation: Water vapor cools down and forms clouds.

4. Precipitation: Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, or hail.

5. Infiltration: Water seeps into the soil and feeds underground water tables.

6. Runoff: Water moves across the Earth's surface toward rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Inner core: Solid layer made of iron and nickel / Highest temperature and pressure.

• Outer core: Liquid layer made of molten iron and nickel / Generates Earth's magnetic field.

• Discontinuity of: Gutenberg

• Lower mantle: Semi-rigid/solid layer composed of magnesium and iron silicates.

• Upper mantle: Viscous/plastic layer where convection currents occur (Asthenosphere).

• Discontinuity of: Mohorovičić (Moho)

• Lithosphere (crust): Solid, outermost layer divided into tectonic plates.

• D. Crossword: Hydrosphere, water cycle, and Earth's structure

• 2. Depression / Basin

• 6. Runoff

• 8. Lithosphere

• 10. Tsunami

• 14. Volcano

• 15. Mantle

• 16. Inner core

• 17. Evaporation

Down:

• 1. Cold current

• 3. Plateau

• 4. Breaker

• 5. Infiltration

• 7. Asthenosphere

• 9. Warm current

• 11. Precipitation

• 12. Condensation

• 13. Oscillatory wave / Deep wave

2 Tectonic Plates

F. Type of boundary and one effect:

• • Type: Divergent boundary

  • Effect: Creates new oceanic crust / Rift valleys / Ocean ridges.

• G. Type of boundary and one effect:

  • Type: Convergent boundary (Subduction)

  • Effect: Volcanic mountain ranges / Deep ocean trenches / Earthquakes.

• H. Type of boundary and one effect:

  • Type: Transform boundary

  • Effect: Earthquakes / Fault lines (no crust created or destroyed).

Landforms: Identify and classify

• A. Relief and subtype: Continental relief: Mountain / Volcanic peak.

• B. Relief and subtype: Continental relief: Mountain range / Folded mountains.

• C. Relief: Continental relief: Plateau (elevated flatland).

• D. Relief: Continental relief: Plain (flat, low-lying land).

• E. Relief and type: Continental relief: Depression / Basin.

Hydrosphere: Currents and waves

• I. Current and climate effect:

  • Current: Cold ocean current (dotted line)

  • Climate effect: Lowers temperatures and creates drier climates along the coast.

• J. Current and climate effect:

  • Current: Warm ocean current (solid line)

    PNG

  • Climate effect: Increases humidity and brings abundant rainfall to coastal areas.

• K. Wave type: Seismic wave / Oscillatory wave (deep sea wave).

• L. Wave type: Translatory wave / Breaker (near the coast).