Digestive System Regulation and Key Vitamin Functions
Physiological Control of Digestion and Essential Vitamins
Innervation of Chewing
- Afferent Nerves: Trigeminal (V pair)
- Efferent Nerves:
- Trigeminal motor branch: Jaw elevator muscles, digastric muscle
- Facial (VII pair): Lips and cheeks
- Hypoglossal (XII pair): Tongue
Regulation of Swallowing
- Afferent Nerves:
- Glossopharyngeal (IX pair): Tongue
- Pharyngeal branch of Vagus (X pair)
- Maxillary division of Trigeminal (V pair): Mouth
- Efferent Nerves: Trigeminal, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory (XI pair), Hypoglossal
- Targets: Tongue, laryngeal muscles, vocal cord adductor muscles
Regulation of Gastric Juice
- Nervous Regulation:
- Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine-stimulated
- Sympathetic: Adrenaline-inhibited
- Humoral Regulation:
- Stimulatory: Gastrin, Secretin, Histamine
- Inhibitory (Enterogastrones): Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), Neurotensin, Peptide YY
Regulation of Intestinal Juice
- Nervous Regulation: Similar to gastric regulation.
- Humoral Regulation:
- Gastrin, Secretin, Glucagon, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Enteroglucagon, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), Calcitonin
- Other Influencing Factors:
- Neuroendocrine substances, Enterotoxins, Mechanical factors, Drugs, Mucosal lesions, Histamine, Bradykinin, Prostaglandins
Control of Pancreatic Juice
- Humoral Regulation:
- Stimulatory: Pancreozymin, Secretin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastrin, Secretin + CCK, VIP + Secretin
- Inhibitory: Glucagon, Somatostatin, Enteroglucagon, Peptide YY, Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)
- Nervous Regulation:
- Vagus nerves (Parasympathetic): Stimulating
- Sympathetic: Inhibitory
Regulation of Stomach Movements
- Nervous Regulation:
- Parasympathetic (Vagus nerves): Stimulated
- Sympathetic (Splanchnic nerves): Inhibited
- Humoral Regulation:
- Stimulatory: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), Serotonin, ATP, Gastrin, Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Inhibitory: Secretin, Neurotensin, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), Somatostatin
Regulation of Intestinal Movements
- Nervous Regulation:
- Parasympathetic: Pelvic nerves
- Sympathetic: Mesenteric nerves
- Humoral Regulation:
- Stimulatory: Gastrin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Somatostatin, Motilin
- Inhibitory: Neurotensin, Secretin
Regulation of Defecation
- Involuntary Control: Pelvic nerves (Internal anal sphincter muscle)
- Voluntary Control: Pudendal nerves (External anal sphincter muscle)
Regulation of Rumen Movements
Involves Vagus nerves and Motor nerves.
Regulation of Rumination
Stimuli include rumen distension and food contact with the rumen wall. Regulated by Vagus nerves.
Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
Water-Soluble Vitamins
- B Complex Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12)
- Vitamin H (Biotin)
- Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Functions as an antixerophthalmic factor, plays an anti-infective role, and has anticancerogenic properties.
Vitamin D
Promotes calcium absorption in the intestine.
Vitamin E
Functions as an antisterility factor and an important antioxidant.
Vitamin K
Functions as an antihemorrhagic factor.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Intervenes in tissue-level gas exchange and acts as a potent respiratory pigment.
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Functions as an antipellagra factor.
Vitamin B6
Works as a coenzyme in decarboxylation reactions.
Vitamin C
Promotes collagen synthesis within cells and forms part of the polyhydroxylase enzyme.