Key Historical Terms of 20th-Century Conflict
Refugee
A person who has fled their country as a result of war, revolution, political persecution, or similar circumstances.
Common Grave
An anonymous burial site, often used during wartime for executed prisoners or victims of conflict.
Children of War (Spain)
Children who left Spain during the Civil War for other countries to escape the conflict's suffering. More than 80,000 children were involved.
Reprisals
Acts committed by enemies causing harm or damage equal to or greater than that previously received (retaliation).
Paseo (The Ride)
A common type of retaliation, particularly during the Spanish Civil War, where an armed group forcibly removed a person from their residence, transported them away from the city, and executed them.
Tragic Week (Setmana Tràgica)
A popular insurrection produced in Barcelona in 1909, sparked by the sending of troops for the war in Morocco. The violence was eventually suppressed by the army, leading to fear of repression among the populace.
Bolshevik Triennium (Trienio Bolchevique)
A critical period of agrarian unrest in Andalusia (1918–1920), so named because the conflicts experienced recalled recent events of the Russian Revolution.
Pact of San Sebastián
An agreement signed by Republican, Catalan nationalist, and Socialist politicians to unite electorally and establish the Second Spanish Republic.
Popular Front (Frente Popular)
A Spanish political coalition of left-wing parties that won the 1936 general elections.
Spanish Phalanx (Falange Española)
A Spanish fascist party led by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, which opposed the Popular Front.
Bolsheviks
A radical faction within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Lenin, opposed to the Mensheviks led by Martov.
Mensheviks
A moderate faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 following a dispute between Lenin and Martov.
Soviets
Russian assemblies, convocations, or councils, often representing workers and soldiers.
Totalitarianism
Ideologies, movements, and political regimes where individual freedom is restricted and the state exercises absolute power.
Fascism
A totalitarian political movement that originated in 20th-century Italy at the end of World War I, led by Benito Mussolini.
Antisemitism
A doctrine or ideology that promotes hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews as a religious or racial group.
Final Solution (Die Endlösung)
The name of Nazi Germany's plan for the systematic genocide of European Jewry during World War II.
