Comprehensive Legal Treatise on Criminal Law Principles and Theory

General Part of Criminal Law

PNAL drxo part general. Image of the PNAL. Image of ANP. Atorias to DLite behavior, to acts or omissions. The typical. Unlawful. Culpable.

PNAL drxo part special. DLite in particular.

Introduction to drxo PNAL.

ADIs on the primera drxo PNAL, sq d st s 1 mecanismo altament formalized social control and existen divrsos mecanismos d control, in its most pro sn informals [eg family àla advertencia]. Means will act ql d ° x q pretend rprimir aqyas proibir behaviors, consider the following aqyas stas sn indsabls ls + x x sto s society rprimn to the amnaza travs d d 1A sanction (PNA).

With a mecanismo sr d control, s 1 mecanismo monopolized estado xl, s is e d 1 lmnto sensible altament imxtant, s the 1st manifestacion D may Statale frente the citizen, d i q resulta ncsario dlimitarlo with absolute clarity.

The intervncion dl d ° PNAL rcurr only aqyos q evntos in infringing behavior or puesto lesionado in peligro dtrmina2 true and Legal biens, q + sn ls prcia2 d intrss society. [Eg life integridad, librt, etc.]

Hese Legal biens (bj) d greater relevancia rcogi2 x sn l ls yama2 the coin types and constituyenl pnals proteccion objto d dl d ° PNAL own. Vulnracion enables her to travs d or fraction PNAL sancions + drastic, d ls cuals make it fit for legal ordnamiento (j) q sn d mdidas PNAS or sguridad.

PNAS [punishment] s à 1 cm means priode or limitation d ls d ° prsnals dl offender. STA mdidas sguridad correspond d + d good way to 1st treatment. [Ie to kill dmnt q]

Naturalza and identidad given the sanction PNAL d, q the slccion rsulta indispensabl biens d ls d amnaza Legal with the 1st NAP, ls + st rvstida with extensive warranties and concptuals formals, manra d d d prolifracion avoid pnals types [DLite] q significarl puedn estado stablcimiento d 1 vrdadro police. D i dl from nineteenth century alone x l s puedn PNAS crar DLite and implement, in principle d rserva denominado QSA or lgalidad. Q st principle ensures both the formation of l cm d its contnido, dbn yevars out in 1st vrdadra dmocratica confrontation. The absolute intnto margna q d cualkier prtnda dsnaturalizar its work, also the ejcucion d pro ANP lgal db adcuars the frame.

The d ° PNAL tien cm prsupustol fnomno forced criminal LQS comunidads ls notes in all organized, an exo evidente s production, individuals alg1s valors atntan against most consider the following fundamntals q and d mrcdors rspto, so xa mantnr achieve the social convivncia. S is a fnomno qa d entoncs always existed and rspcto dl Cuaya d ° l Compt PNAL intrvnir in a framework claramnt stablcido, sto s when prcisamnt ls s stimn Legal biens fundamntals or rlvants. X s is a fnomno contingnt last d, d prmannt procupacion today and published.

Concepto dd · PNAL.

Terms gnrals in cml caracterizado sr can set standards d + q dl rgulan the punitive potstad estado associating certain EXOS lgalmnt dtrmina2 the 1st NAP or sguridad or corrccion medida d, d objto connote asgurarl valors rspto x fundamntals about the ls ls q convivncia dscansa the social.

D st driver 2 concpto prspctivas sta d d analysis discipline, x 1st part, l d ° PNAL objetivo: entndido sistema d cm a juridical norms + ls q rgulan DLite and PNAS. X other parties in connexion d ° q PNAL subjetivo rgula the punitive potstad estado dl [e °]

The punitive potstad dl e ° [right to punish] the power s d d a single source, dtrmina2 estado EXOS cm mrcdors d NAP and the 1st xayos stablcr PNAL sanction.

S the 1st potstad, no one drxo, x implies both the 1st rlacion dl d somtimiento individual and also the rotten Statale deprivation or rstriccion d ls d ° fundamntals.

D along the istoria, an ls Authors give different dfinicions dd · PNAL and only mention some Dirmoser x q:

Von List: set d nj xl e ° q stablcidas asocianl DLite cm exo to the PNA legitima conscuencia cm.

Sbastian SOLR: December drxo dl qs qs la part DLite rfier the ls and q st conscuencias result, being gnralmnt ANP.

Mzgr: indicates nj d q q sl rgulanl set punitive Please can dl e °, enl conctando DLite legal conscuencia PNA cm.

D ° à PNAL rprsivo PNAS

D ° à PNAL prventivo mdidas d sguridad. (Ms)

To dfinirl d ° PNAL objetivo nj ls emos q q señalado what intgran, rgulan tantol DLite cm stas their conscuencias and puedn sr d 2 types: PNAS or ms

Dl media2 nineteenth century till denominadas mdidas d ls x complete sguridad naked except the notion dsvinculadas d dd · PNAL pro from momnto ds x dl influence positivism s introduction enl d ° d stablcr ncsidad PNAL the different legal conscuencias PNA dfi100cias d xa ls reduce sta.

PNA cm s official duty ization consecuencia d the d 1A dlictiva behavior, both acting x dl d ° s always rprsiva postriori or its mission the 1st imponr entoncs s the 1st sanction the violation sa vz q comtido. L fundamnto PNA s last d dl sujto guilt, manifestada in libr dsobdiencia dl lgal mandate to travs d the commission d 1 DLite.

Sta activity rprsiva yet sa considered insufi100t xal compliance finish d ls fins dl d ° PNAL, s sostien q may act in ways prventiva q its mission is not s only rprsion aimed at kien qbrantol ordnamiento legal, but ad + the prvncion dlictual to travs d ls d sguridad or corrccion medidas.

Sta d surg Manral yamado PNAL d d ° two-way, where more or mnor coexistn prpondrancia mdidas rprsivas ls and ls also Yamadas mdidas PNAS prventivas [ms]

Sguridad the mdidas d s q prsnas dirign atndida fundamntalmnt to its conformation Sikic or its position or indifrnt rbld d frente mandate the standard [eg rincidnt] not in delivery conditions or dirctamnt stan Kiernan not adjust their behavior aya [rule].

S pr mdidas distinguished pub and post-dlictuals dlictuals.

Post-dlictuals: sn in similars to 1st NAP SNCI, rkier cm presupuesto commission DLite d 1, then the checking d st d, s suppose the pligrosidad dl ys sujto medida applies.

Instead with ls pr-dlictuals mdidas: stas s applied without ncsidad d 1 presupuesto DLite, or condition is enough estado prsna d 1A xa xa qs pligroso become society [eg mndigos]. D + sta señalarl rproxe or custionamiento legal ls mdidas pr-dlictuals, and q no s Note reason sufi100t xa implement the 1st medida to prsnas q is not an comte DLite alg1 and rspcto d ls cuals exist the 1st assumption dq dlinkiran enl future atndida their particulars circumstances.

The single pligrosidad cm fundamnto d 1A-PNAL legal consecuencia can transform the d ° PNAL in a instrumento Statale d d domination conscuencias incalculabls sguridad x to librt and individual.

Qs crmos aceptabl possible and even the PNAS and mdidas coexistncia d d sguridad post dlictuals, s + l dl d ° PNAL operation can yegar to sr + efctivo, however rsultan mdidas d sguridad rpudiabls ls pr - dlictuals rcomndabl its suprsion d ys the SFRA dl d ° PNAL.

D ° PNAL adjtivo: [branch dl d ° PNAL]

Set d nj ls q stablcn procdimientos under d ls ls rules apply cuals s + dl d ° PNAL objetivo, enl concreto case so if exist d stablcr rsponsabilidad and what s the sanction Applicable.

The 1st exist intrdpndncia entrl d ° PNAL objetivo and adjtivo, sinl PNAL procs can not matrializarsl d ° ° procsal PNAL pnal. Ld prxa and arrange scenario ncsital q xa d ° substantive efectivo RTAs.

The d ° s civil yeva out in practice for the most part outside despacho dl dl judge, while the q dl d ° PNAL ization occurs only travs judicial Axat dl. Aora well, people asked about the st d ° d if the 1st branch adjtivo s dl or d ° procsal 1st Division PNAL adjtivo dl d ° [d ° PNAL branch dl]

Set d nj ls q stablcn procdimientos under d ls ls rules apply cuals s + dl d ° PNAL objetivo, enl concreto case so if exist d stablcr rsponsabilidad and what s the sanction Applicable.

The 1st exist intrdpndncia entrl d ° PNAL objetivo and adjtivo, sinl PNAL procs can not matrializarsl d ° ° procsal PNAL pnal. Ld prxa and arrange scenario ncsital q xa d ° substantive efectivo RTAs.

The d ° s civil yeva out in practice for the most part outside despacho dl dl judge, while the q dl d ° PNAL ization occurs only travs judicial Axat dl. Aora well, people asked about the d if adjtivo s st d ° d ° the 1st branch procsal dl or dl PNAL 1st Division?

We are inclined x sgunda, both pro sn coordinated whole part d 1, where q ls principles inform a dbn ncsariamnt rfljars procdimiento enl, he reaches in good mdida qs with the rforma procsal d implantation PNAL.

+ Q institucions procdimiento comuns all, what predomina q d s 1 set Instruccions q s apply only to light and entiendn dl d ° PNAL.

Ls dl prcptos stan d ° PNAL adjtivo contni2 enl PNAL procsal code without prjuicios dq dl existn aplicabls normal + cot and the constitution.

D ° PNAL ejcutivo:

Q rgulanl set d nj home, compliance and control and mdidas PNAS d ls d sguridad consecuencias impustas cm d 1 DLite.

Authors alg1s s-xa dl the 1st d ° administrative branch, the 1st qs pro trcra sostnmos dl d ° PNAL aera, consider the following q and the PNA cm d ejcucion the 1st administrative activity alone, it means the people asked SOBR rnunciar lgitimidad and funcions dl d ° PNAL.

D-function d ejcucion entrgada PNAS s is the administrative authority [gndarmria], a public body ministri d q dl dpnd justice.

Dl d ° PNAL caracteristicas.

1) ordnamiento dd · Public interno: s is d 1A caracteristica sncial dl d ° PNAL in such sentido suffice condicion q both cracion d DLite or PNAS sta-based enl may publish legislativo in Terms absolute ad + application d the l PNAL entrgada sta solely and exclusively to the judicial Please can last the ejcucion d x as x ls rsulto tribunals in criminal matria sta entrgada to the administrative authority (gndarmria).

The d ° PNAL built on the bas s dl d authority and subordination principle, sto s, imposes its rules + on particulars intrss ls san d kiens particips d 1 + DLite or victimization. Ekilibrio d ay not a pub intrss parts placed in 1st location equality d (cm occurs private enl d °), the victim can completamnt star dsintrsada d the punitive prtnsion estado and horn can be dl oponrs aya no dl qs sistma afct PNAL action (eg : q ermano kills another ermano).

Sta way s translation in divrsas north + procsals, entryas q public action xa prsguir DLite s the rgla General x excpcion ay certain DLite q exign the 1st denuncia prvi (eg DLite d amnaza and lsions - gravs) and rsulta even + excpcional the existncia d d DLite only privately PNAL action (eg libel DLite d).

The d ° d ° PNAL prtne the interno public, which does not mean there is a d ° q PNAL internacional qs Part 1 dl d ° internacional qa orign figures given pnals d comptncia transnational (eg DLite against umana).

2) d ordnamiento caracter fragmntario: the sta PNAL rsrvada alone or fraction x to the true and dtrminada d vulnracion Legal biens.

The d ° PNAL fragmntario xq s can not fix it all, the infinity d d d ° PNAL posiblsl atnta2 slcciona fragmentos d d illegality or unlawfulness q rcorta pieces and placed in a catalog types pnals d I s exprsa on the following formula:

Ay not DLite without criminality, not just the 1st prviamnt exist l db, but db q sta prcision fixed with contours d ls qs figure will punish.

3) drxo d ultima ratio: mean ql d ° PNAL barrra s the latest, last rcurso qs l absence d db implement another - lsivo (harmful).

The d ° PNAL only works when ls other medios d social control informals (eg family l Colgi, etc.) or formals non-pnals (eg other ra + dl ordnamiento legal) an resultado insufi100ts xa mantnr social peace I s explained in the drastic or fraction PNAL d, s grav the rspusta + q x exigncia dl estado Breathe social stado drxo democratico d, s db rcurrir to PNAL rspusta rstants ls q only when legal ordnamiento contemplal xa schools to make sure no one sufi100ts sn NRTIs rlvant stim x to the social convivncia.

Q x rspusta PNAL the efi100t and effective sa db not cover areas will expand or prtndr solution or rspusta q are suitable, useful and oxtuna other legal ordnamiento ra + dl.

X dsgracia exist tndncia pligrosa the 1st contradictory and current criminal policy q d prtnd endurcr the rspusta PNAL to DLite tradicionals and criminalize a greater numr d conflict, undermines their bass q sta caracteristica.

4) ordnamiento guarantor: the d ° PNAL prtnd convivncia schools to make sure the d harmonic society travs the protccion d d d biens Legal greater social significance, as guarantor entoncs prsigue s ls schools to make sure conditions were also mini + e indispnsabls convivncia x to the social.

The d ° PNAL not prtnd filing complete dl DLite, xq sto s impossibility, but schools to make sure ls conditions were also mini + x to the convivncia social, in the mdida q get it will comply cabalmnt role guarantor, without prjuicio DQS will sguir comte DLite if dlincuencia ls sobrpasa social limits convivncia d 1A harmonic instrumnto prdra its lgitimidad cm d social control.

5) ordnamiento prsnalisimo: the rsponsabilidad PNAL s lies just enl sujto out the 1st q yeva conduct contrary to the legal norm d imprativo PNAL not exist pnay concpto xal d ° d d transmissibility x cause death or live pub transfrncia x act d sta rsponsabilidad Nor s acptabl in matria pnay concpto d rprsntacion in st rfrirs somramnt point turns them to serivce the rsponsabilidad PNAL d d ls prsna legal.

Nustra legislacion d in accordance with Article 58 dl enl previsto procsal PNAL code, the RTAs can only PNAL rsponsabilidad in 1st prsna efectiva natural.

Prsnas entndidas the juridical fiction lgal the 1st cm d agree to the Article 545 dl previsto enl cc sn no dlink d capacs in casol st x DLite always the 1st comte natural prsna q acts on behalf or in the prsna d rprsntacion legal.

58 cm art such Indicates the code procsal PNAL dl, x ls prsnas rspond juridical kiens intrvnido Ubierna enl d exo prjuicio punishable without the civil rsponsabilidad q can dirigirs against prsna emprsa or legal.

Dq prjuicio what actualmnt antrior without discussing the possibility s st d ls imponr sancions pnals to prsnas of law in certain DLite (eg washing d DINR l).

6) d ° PNAL sd caracter Penalty: ls medios emplal d ° PNAL q xa q atntan punish conduct against Legal biens d rlvancia, PNAS and mdidas sn d ls sguridad.

PNA bad ql s 1 x MDIO d estado to imposing its organs jurisdiccionals and d 1 ls dbid guarantees to procs dstinado st end, the culprit d 1A criminal offense.

S doctrine discussed in establishing a d ° d d sanctioning unlawful or SS. Ql d ° PNAL sostnmos cra no illicit x itself, but merely qs rspaldar with PNA or medida amnaza d d sguridad illicit ls d ls q emanate ra + d + dl ordnamiento legal.

Sd work slccion d unlawful, so: life, property, publishing f, l onor, pub dl others sn d ° PNAL heritage, but legal ordnamiento todol qd l xa drxo instrumentos protgrls gives different, according to the naturalza d dl or legal entity and, if st s rlvant or PNAL protccion fundamental da sl.

Dl rlacions drxo PNAL other legal ordnamiento ra + dl.

The legal ordnamiento the 1st 1idad s s d which can be distinguished below a common trunk divrsas d ra + s ls vinculacions ncsario entoncs analyze dl d ° ra + stas PNAL with:

1) connote constitutional drxo:

The legal constitution q sl legal instrumento estado organize them and guarantees d ls ls stablc prsnas frente the rotten, the rule q dirigien2e informs the whole d nustro ordnamiento legal.

S the constitution is bound to d ° PNAL as principles enshrined in the 1st srie d xa ql sn fundamntals dgarant fulfill its function (d warranty) d the social convivncia harmonica, along with the sto stablc imxtants limitacions ejercicio framework enl punitive Please can dl d 1 estado democratico d drxo.

Podmos ls found in the constitution siguients vincula2 principles dirctamnt the d ° PNAL:

- Equal ant the l (art 19, No. 2)

- Dl-dbid warranty procs (art 19, No. 3)

- Q-warranty prevents the rsponsabilidad prsumir d drxo PNAL (art 19, No. 3)

- Rsrva d-principle or in matria lgalidad PNAL (art 19, No. 3)

- First d-d the l PNAL criminality. (Art 19, No. 3, paragraph 8)

- The first d-d the l irrtroactividad. (Article 19)

- Ad + d hese principles enshrined in the Constitution multipls guarantees q also tienne Tutla PNAL (eg life, librt prsnal, librt d con100cia, librt d association, pub etc.) to schools to make sure the constitution ls drxos and librtads fundamntals the intrprtacion d the l PNAL db RTAs always with the dignity d rspto the drxos cm prsna and principles according to the principle rctors dirct d d link the constitution and the applicability dirct rconocimiento d d ls trata2 internacionales.

2) connote civil drxo: the d ° PNAL divrsas amxa rconoc and civil xa institucions dd · stablcr certain DLite (eg spouse as d, l marriage) also pro imxtants ejmplo qx ls difrncias and civils sancions General tienne on one caracter compnsatorio, rxatorio . However the sanction PNAL caracter rprsivo tien.

Q ay instrumntos difiern also in life umana PNAL matria indpndient tien PNAL dsdl Tutla birth, while civil drxo xal q sxacion complete d dsd the mother.

Enl civil drxo supports compnsacion d s fault, I will not occur in PNAL motherland.

In matria d the intrprtacion d the l pro without prjuicio d the existncia d principles spcials and own dl d ° PNAL also s use ls north + gnrals d intrprtacion (art from 1919 to 1924 dl civil code) cm guide d cualkier procs intrprtativo d nustro ordnamiento Legal.

3) connote administrative drxo: ay divrsos DLite comti2 sr q x puedn only public official to corrspondn General DLite d corruption. Aora well contmpla sancions ld · manage disciplinary infraction kiens incurrn in DBRS ls dl to charge towards the naturalza d sas difrnt sancions s not an obstacle xa q sn ad + s apliq PNAL the 1st sanction.

4) connote drxo political: the rules + dl drxo policies offer sentido and orientation to the d ° PNAL, ld · politics rfljando and concntrando the 1st concpcion acrca dl ombr and rlacion with society stablc claramnt which s st type d society and cuals Sranan ls biens Legal + q dbran mrcr imxtants protccion PNAL.

X q