Home / Notes / English /

Complete English Grammar Reference and Verb Patterns

English6.34 KB

Verb Patterns

Followed by -ing (Gerund)

love, like, prefer, hate, admit, avoid, can't help, can't stand, consider, deny, enjoy, fancy, feel like, imagine, keep, mind, miss, suggest, it's no use, be worth, look forward to, after doing, before, be interested in, be good at, be keen on, be fed up with, be for, by doing, on doing, carry on

Verbs + To-Infinitive

would love, would like, would prefer, would hate, agree, aim, arrange, appear, ask, beg someone, can't afford, choose, decide, expect, fail, forget, force someone, get someone, help, hope, invite, learn, manage, offer, plan, persuade someone, promise, refuse, remind someone, seem, teach someone, tell someone, threaten, used to, want, warn someone

Bare Infinitive (Modal Verbs)

can, could, may, might, must, should, needn't, can have, could have, must have, should have, may have, might have

Verb Tenses

Present Perfect Simple (Él ha hablado)

Structure: Suxeito + have/has + past participle (been, done)

Example: He has spoken.

Uses: Falar dunha experiencia, éxitos ou logros, e accións que aínda non ocorreron (the plane has not arrived).

Signal Words: just, yet, never, ever, already, so far, up to now, since, for, recently.

Present Perfect Continuous (Han estado hablando)

Structure: Suxeito + have/has been + verb-ing

Example: He has been speaking.

Uses: Continuidade dunha acción que comezou no pasado e que segue no presente ou acaba de rematar.

Signal Words: all day, the whole day, how long, since, for.

Past Perfect Simple (Él había hablado antes de)

Structure: Suxeito + had + past participle

Uses: Accións que comezaron no pasado antes doutro evento do pasado.

Past Perfect Continuous (Él había estado hablando)

Structure: Suxeito + had been + verb-ing

Example: He had been speaking.

Uses: Algo que estabamos facendo cando outra acción o interrompeu.

Signal Words: how long, since, for.

Future Continuous (Él estará hablando)

Example: He will be speaking.

Signal Words: this time, next week, when, while.

Future Perfect (Él habrá hablado)

Signal Words: when, by the time.

Conditionals and Wishes

Conditional Sentences

  • Type 0: If + Present Simple, Present Simple – Para falar de resultados que seguen unha acción particular: If you boil water, it evaporates.
  • Type 1: If + Present Simple, Future Simple – Para predicir o resultado dunha acción futura: If he comes to the party, he will meet her.
  • Type 2: If + Past Simple, Conditional Simple – Para falar de situacións que son improbables ou irreais: If I were you, I would not buy that car.
  • Type 3: If + Past Perfect, Conditional Perfect – Para especular sobre o resultado imaxinario de cousas que non pasaron: If you had studied, you wouldn't have failed the Literature test.

Wishes and Regrets

  • I wish / If only + Past Simple (Oxalá fose...): Situacións presentes que queremos que cambien. Example: I wish I were taller.
  • I wish / If only + Past Perfect (Oxalá tivese estudado...): Situacións que pasaron no pasado e que queremos ter cambiado. Example: I wish I had studied for the exam.
  • I wish / If only + subject + would + verb: Situacións para reclamar ou protestar sobre cousas que se fan repetidamente. Example: I wish you would stop interrupting us.

Question Tags

  • You like cake, don't you?
  • He is reading, isn't he?
  • She applied, didn't she?
  • He has left home, hasn't he?
  • They will be here soon, won't they?
  • You'd like a coffee, wouldn't you?
  • There is nobody, is there?
  • Let's go, shall we?

Agreeing and Disagreeing

Agreeing

  • Positive statements: So + auxiliary + pronoun – I can do it → So can I; I saw it → So did I; My parents will... → So will mine.
  • Negative statements: Neither + auxiliary + pronoun – I didn't understand him → Neither did I; Neither does mine.

Disagreeing

  • To positive statements: Pronoun + auxiliary in negative – I can do it → I can't; They will go → Mine won't.
  • To negative statements: Pronoun + auxiliary in positive – I did / I have / I do always...

Reported Speech

Tense Changes

  • Present Continuous → Past Continuous: “She is sleeping” → He said she was sleeping.
  • Past Simple → Past Perfect: “He fell over” → He said he had fallen over.
  • Present Perfect → Past Perfect: “We have won” → He said they had won.
  • Modals: Can → could, Will → would, Am/Is/Are → was/were.

Time and Place Shifts

  • today → that day
  • yesterday → the day before
  • tomorrow → the next day
  • next week → the following week
  • last week → the previous week
  • here → there
  • mine → hers

Relative Pronouns

  • Who: Persoa
  • Which: Cousa
  • What: O que
  • Whose: Cuxo / Cuxa
  • Where: Onde

Download

PDF Word HTML