The Colonization of America: History and Impact
Causes of the Discovery and Colonization of America
The discovery and colonization of America were driven by several factors: demographic expansion, increased economic needs, the search for gold, and the control of trade routes. These were supported by technical and cartographic progress and the development of a precapitalist system bordering the Portuguese discoveries in Africa.
Portuguese and Spanish Expeditions
In the Portuguese sphere, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498. Regarding the Spanish in the discovery of America, Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus), a Genoese navigator, offered a project to Portugal which was eventually sponsored by Castile. He sailed and managed to complete four trips.
The Conquistadors and Pre-Columbian Civilizations
The conquistadors played a major role: Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico, while Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. Other conquerors and discoverers also participated. These Aztec, Maya, and Inca civilizations were very developed:
- Aztecs: Located in Mexico, they formed a highly developed confederation.
- Mayans: Situated in Honduras and Guatemala, they were highly advanced, although they had largely disappeared by the time of arrival.
- Incas: Established a theocratic state in Peru.
The Treaty of Tordesillas and Colonial Administration
The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world in 1494 between the Portuguese and Spaniards along a line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. The colonial administration was characterized by Castilian emigration. The administrative organization was governed by the King's direct representatives:
- Viceroyalties: Major administrative divisions.
- Audiencias: The judicial bodies.
- Governorates: Bordering provinces led by a governor.
- Municipal Councils: Local government bodies.
Economic Impact of the Discovery of America
The Price Revolution and Trade Monopoly
The Price Revolution was caused by the massive import of silver and gold from America, provoking great inflation that was only attenuated in the 17th century. Castile held a trade monopoly, though England and Holland began to rapidly modernize their business structures and create commercial companies to compete.
Trade in Products and Livestock
From America came products such as tobacco, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and cocoa. Conversely, crops such as wheat, barley, and vines were introduced to America, along with livestock species like pigs, horses, sheep, and beef cattle, in addition to a wide range of utensils.
Social, Religious, and Cultural Influence of Spain
Culture Shock and the Defense of the Indians
The culture shock led to a decrease in the indigenous population due to disease and forced labor. The new administration's values and beliefs were often detrimental to the indigenous people. However, there was a defense of the Indians; discrepancies arose, but they were often resolved in favor of the Laws of the Indies, which protected the natives. Religious orders also worked to defend and protect them.
Cultural Influence and Baroque Art
The cultural influence of Spain was significant. Baroque art became the most influential style settled in America, renewing and enriching the Creole culture.