Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Visual arts and art education for Vocational training

Orthogonal projections and principal views

Usually called the principal views of an object, these are the orthogonal projections of the object onto six planes arranged as faces of a cube. They can also be described as the orthogonal projections of an object according to the different directions from which you view it. The rules that govern the representation of the views of an object are included in UNE 1-032-82, "Technical drawings: General principles of representation," which is equivalent to ISO 128-82.

Name of views

How the six views are obtained

If we place an observer according to the six directions indicated by the arrows, we obtain six possible views of an object.

Name and common terms for each view

These views have the following denominations:...

Present Continuous

Actions that are happening now.

• Add -ing to the verb (e.g., I am talking, he/she/it is eating, you/we/they are talking).

Present Simple

Actions that happen regularly or habitually.

• For I, you, we, and they, use the base form of the verb (e.g., talk, eats, learn).
• For he, she, and it, add -s to the verb (e.g., talks, eats, learns).
• For questions, use do/does and do not add -s (e.g., Do you talk?, Does he eat?).
• For negatives, do not add -s (e.g., I don't talk, he doesn't learn).
• Use time expressions (e.g., always, usually, often, sometimes) before the verb.

Present Perfect

Past actions that have relevance to the present.

• For I, you, we, and they, add have.
• For he, she, and it, add has.
• Affirmative: I have (I've) talked to Peter, they have

• Spatial Prepositions

  • Above [PREP]: If something is above something else, it is in a higher position.
  • Across From [PREP]: If something is across from something else, it is on the other or opposite side.
  • Below [PREP]: If something is below something else, it is in a lower position than that thing.
  • Between [ADV]: If something is between other things, it is in the middle or separating one thing from another.
  • Close [ADJ]: If you are close to something, it is a short distance away from that thing.
  • Far [ADV]: If something is or goes far from something, it is a long distance away from that thing.
  • Lower [ADJ]: It is below something else.
  • Near [ADV]: If something is near something else, it is a short distance away from it.
  • Next To [PREP]: If something is next

Technical Drawing Features

Core Characteristics

• Graphic: Lines, symbols, and figures replace words to convey information.
• Universal: It is understood globally, regardless of the language spoken.
• Accurate: A set of drawings for a project must correspond exactly during assembly.

Spatial Dimensions

Space is categorized as two-dimensional (length x width) or three-dimensional (length x width x height).

Projection Systems and Definitions

• Project: To draw a line from the center of projection through an object, intersecting the projection surface to produce an image.
• Projection of a Point: The intersection where the projecting line passes through a specific point.
• Projecting a Picture: Drawing straight lines starting from a point that pass through all points

Visible Spectrum

Visible spectrum is the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can perceive. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light, or simply light. There are no precise boundaries in the visible spectrum. A typical human eye responds to wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm, although some people may perceive wavelengths from 380 to 780 nm. The colors of the visible spectrum and their infinite possibilities of mixing can be represented mathematically.

CIE Chromaticity Triangle

The CIE chromaticity diagram (often shown as a triangle) arranges all colors using three chromaticity coordinates x, y, z, which satisfy x + y + z = 1. This means any color or mixture of colors can be defined from two...

Dihedral System

A representation system using cylindrical projection angles.

Elements

• Two perpendicular planes of projection: Vertical plane and horizontal plane.
• Intersection: The line between the vertical and horizontal planes.

Objects can be represented as points, straight lines, or solid plane figures. Their projections are called:

• Elevation (Front view)
• Plan (Top view)
• Profile (Side view)

Dimensioning Standards

Normalization is a set of graphic rules with the objective of facilitating international comprehension of technical drawings. Dimensioning marks the measurements of a piece using lines and numbers.

Bounding Elements

• Dimension lines
• Auxiliary or reference lines
• Dimension numbers

Dimensioning Systems

• Parallel
• Series
• Combined

Detailed Drafts

Freehand...

Rolled Flank Steak

Preparation: Mix garlic, parsley, oregano, chili, parmesan, and grated breadcrumbs. Place the mixture orderly over the extended meat. Add eggs, peppers, carrots, and smoked bacon, then tie the meat. Roll it in cling film. Cook in a court bouillon for 2 hours and 30 minutes. Cool the meat in the liquid and press it while it is still warm.

Vitel Thoné

To prepare this dish, make a broth with vegetables. Cook the peceto (eye of round beef) in the broth. Leave it to cool in the cooking broth until ready for use. Process the remaining ingredients along with half of the capers. Cut the beef into thin layers and coat (napar) them with the sauce. Decorate before serving.

Risotto

Sauté each vegetable in oil separately without browning;...