Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

Basic Components of the Facility

• Counter: Lets you see water usage.
• Pipes: They tend to be copper, and the size depends on the flow which is maintained.
• Shut-off valves: These allow you to interrupt the flow of water within the pipes. The General valve serves to cut the water supply, while a stopcock in each wet room allows for the isolation of that part of the circuit for tap water.
• Pressure regulation valves.
• Drain: It collects all the water and flows into the sewerage system.
• Traps and siphon traps: They prevent the passage of odors.
• Downpipes (Bajantes).
• Chests (Arquetas): These allow you to connect pipes.

Climate Control Systems

Types of heating:

• Urban: A central thermal plant situated in a separate building, distributed throughout the city.
• Centralized:

Sawing and Drying

Performed in mills or sawmills, this process requires the following steps:

• Peeling: Removing bark to eliminate external and internal impurities.
• Parting: Cutting to the appropriate length and thickness.
• Drying: The final operation, which can be performed outdoors or under sheds to protect the wood from direct sunlight or rain.

Cutting Techniques for Timber

At the end of the milling process, each log is processed to obtain the maximum amount of marketable timber. Cutting techniques depend on:

• The characteristics of the trunk being used.
• The implementation of standard measures for various cuts.
• Customer needs and requirements.

Common cutting methods include: sawn into boards, barracks sawing, coastal sawing, and mesh sawing.

Surface Wood

Classification of Consumption Sites

Consumption sites are primarily classified as:

• Residential or Commercial: Buildings intended for living or business purposes.
• Office: Buildings specifically designed for office use.
• Industry-Specific: Facilities tailored to the needs of a particular industry.
• Industrial Concentration: Areas designated for a cluster of industries.

Load Forecasting

Load forecasting considerations for different building types:

• Housing: Residential buildings.
• General Services: Common areas and shared facilities.
• Shops and Offices: Commercial spaces and office buildings.
• Garages: Parking facilities.

Degree of Electrification

• Basic Electrification: Designed to meet primary usage needs, allowing for common household equipment (5750 W).
• High Electrification:

Elements of Outside Plant

Outside plant infrastructure encompasses all support systems necessary to identify, nurture, and protect communication streams. These elements are divided into three primary parts:

• Channeling: Consists of civil works, including pipelines, conduits, and inspection chambers.
• Lines: The physical network constituted by poles, cable laying, anchors, and support hardware.
• Connection: The union of cables, including terminal box distribution, network maintenance, transfer protection, joints, and adherence to work standards.

Telephone Exchanges

These buildings house transmission and switching equipment that enable communication between subscribers. They also contain power supply equipment and the Main Distribution Frame (MDF).

MDF

Development and Implementation of Demolition

1. Dismantling of industrial equipment.
2. Demolition or removal of bodies and covered ledges.
3. Demolition or removal of the deck.
4. Demolition of elements at each plant: interior partition walls, curtain walls, and cargo.
5. Demolition of structural elements: forged with beams, reinforced concrete slabs (one-direction, two-directions), beams, brackets, domes.

Types of Demolition

According to Procedure

1. Element by element.
2. With collapse.
3. Mixed or combined.

According to Media

1. Manual.
2. Mechanical.
3. Thermal.
4. By explosives.

Design of a Sanitation Network

• If the network is public: Mixed.
• If two networks (wastewater and stormwater): Separator system.

Basic Sanitation Network Requirements

1. Dispose of water seal to prevent the passage of air.

Types of Ferrous Metals

Ferrous metals are primarily industrial iron, steel, and cast iron.

Industrial Iron

Industrial iron has a low carbon content and inadequate mechanical characteristics, making it rarely used in industries.

Steel

Steels are ductile and malleable. Mechanical strength, hardness, and brittleness increase with carbon content, while weldability decreases with the percentage of carbon. Steel is also prone to rust. There are two main types of steels: carbon steels (those with low content of other elements) and alloy steels (containing other elements).

Various elements communicate a range of properties to steel. These include sulfur, cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, silicon, vanadium, and tungsten.

Cast Iron

Casting... Continue reading "Ferrous Metals: Types, Properties, and Steelmaking Processes" »

Classification and Types of Plastics

Thermoplastics: These materials can be molded easily when heated.
Thermosets: Once set, these materials do not regain their molded shape even when reheated.
Elastomers: These are materials characterized by an elastic structure.

Common Plastic Families and Applications

• PC (Polycarbonate): Used in cameras, windows, and helmets.
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Used for pipes, windows, vinyl, cable sheathing, and syringes.
• PP (Polypropylene): Found in bags, bottles, and small appliances.
• PE (Polyethylene): Used for boxes, toys, bottles, pipes, and bags.
• PMMA (Acrylic): Used in car light covers, bathroom accessories, glasses, and glazing for boats and planes.
• PS (Polystyrene): Used for car interiors, tapes, ribbons, and

Machines and Energy

Machines use energy to perform useful work.

Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, can be burned to release heat energy.

Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear fuel, including uranium and radioactive materials like plutonium, can undergo fission reactions to produce electricity.

Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources were the first to be used historically, powering machines such as mills.

Water Wheel

A water wheel utilizes the energy of flowing water through a system of blades. It has various applications, such as grinding wheat to make flour.

• Wheels running low: These are the simplest type, with the bottom submerged. The force of the water current moves the wheel.
• Current average: This type of wheel is used when the current

5.3-THE STRENGTH OF A CYLINDER: the pressure is the relation between force and the area in which it operates.
The unit is the pascal, which is 1 N/1m2, this unit is very small and usually is used kp/cm2, referring to the kiligramo strength kg/cm2.
The force of the rod of a cylinder is: F = p * A = p * 3.14 * R2.
We will get stronger the higher the pressure and radius of the plunger.
In the double eject cylinder fails.
In the return stroke of cilindors double effect: F = p * p * A = 3.14 (R2-r2).
6-ELEMENTS OF CONTROL: The valves are divided into: operated valves and regulation.
6.1-operated valves: regulating the incoming air directly into the cameras and, depending on the type of cylinder used one or another.
a) nuemro holes, called... Continue reading "Pneumatic Cylinder Force and Control Valve Mechanics" »

Rigid Couplings

Rigid couplings are used when trees are on the same axis and do not change their position. There are several types:

• Flange Couplings: These are based on placing two flanges on the ends of the shafts so that when tightening the screws, the flanges are joined together.
• Clamp Couplings: These use a tapered internal conical piece that is compressed when tightening the screws, pressing the two pieces together.

Mobile Couplings

Mobile couplings are designed to accommodate some degree of misalignment or movement between shafts.

• Couplings with Gaskets: These absorb minor irregularities through elastic rotation and allow for very little misalignment.
• Universal or Cardan Joints: These transmit motion between two non-aligned trees.
• Homokinetic