Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Teacher training for Primary education

Fronted object

Fronted object= “ This I do not understand” ; “Why he came this way I will probably never know”. The object of the clause is in initial position. Many different structures occur as fronted objects, such as nouns, pronouns(1) and complement clauses(2).

Fronted nominals other than object

Fronted nominals other than object= “Whether Nancy was there or not, she could not be certain”. A nominal structure is in initial position, such as the complement the adjective “certain” in the example here “ She could not be certain whether Nancy was there or not”

Fronted predicatives

Fronted predicatives= “ Far more serious were the severe head injuries” ; “ The larger the base the easier it will be to perform the action”;...

Traditional prescriptive grammar
Correct usage: the do¡¦s and don¡¦ts/ Dogmatic
Example: Use ¡¥must¡¦ for internal obligation, and ¡¥have to¡¦ for external obligation
It is often inaccurate and subjective, and tends to ignore actual usage
It ignores the fact that a living language is constantly on the move.
It usually follows a decontextualized, rote memorization, worksheet-driven approach void of real-life application.

More on traditional grammar
Emphasis on correctness
Based on the principles which rule Latin
Preeminence of written form over oral form
Difference between what people actually do with L and what the should do.
Objetive: to preserve proper language
Restricted mainly to SYNTAX

Structuralist applied

IKEA Customer Service: Complaint Handling

A: Hello, IKEA, Mary Black speaking. How may I help you?

B: Hello, this is Carlos Cotta from Notary's Office. I'm afraid I have a serious complaint. I would like to speak with Mr. X, please.

A: Okay, I will put him through. Wait a moment, please.

C: Hello, Mr. X speaking. How can I help you, Mr. Cotta?

B: Hello, Mr. X! I ordered some furniture and I have received the wrong furniture.

C: I apologize most sincerely, Mr. Cotta. Please give me the order details, and we'll replace the correct furniture within 24 hours. We will also send you a discount for future orders.

B: Okay, thanks. I hope this won't happen again.

C: I'll be in touch with you, Mr. Cotta, in the next few hours to confirm that everything is all...

Pharos

Definition:

An island near Alexandria. On the island was a lighthouse.

Location in texts:

Homer’s Odyssey

Significance/theme:

The lighthouse was a great ancient wonder. It shows the large significance and impact that Alexandria had. It also demonstrates the power of Ptolemy.

Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 310-240 BCE)

Definition:

Callimachus was a famous poet and librarian in Alexandria.

Location in texts:

Callimachus’ Pinakes

Significance/theme:

He was responsible for producing a bibliographic survey based upon the contents of the Library. His work provided the foundation for later work on the history of Greek literature.

Nicander of Colophon (2nd c. BCE)

Definition:

Greek poet, physician, and librarian.

Location in texts:

Nicander’s Theriaka and Alexipharmaka

Significance/

Qualities of a Good Business Letter:

1. Clarity: Clear thinking and simple expression are the two important virtues of effective writing. A good letter should show its idea directly and clearly. Each sentence should be as simple as possible. The reader should have no difficulty in understanding what the writer means to say.
2. Conciseness: Transmission of maximum information by using minimum words should be the aim of letter-writing. Unnecessary details and roundabout expressions should be avoided. People are busy and they receive a number of letters daily.
3. Completeness: The letter should contain all the essential points a reader is expected to know. For example, a sales letter should include the description of the goods, price, quality, how and where

ELEANITZ PROIEKTUA

The methodology is centred on the child’s psycho-cognitive needs. The sequencing of linguistic contents is done according to natural language acquisition processes and the classroom contexts. (Indirectly)

At the age of 4, children start learning English because of their flexibility and capabilities.

To learn a language it is necessary to use it, so the teacher has to create an “Only English” communicative situation. (Interaction)

Their basic teaching technique is “the format”.

There are two different types of formats:

1. Non-narrative formats are everyday repetitive situations; for example, beginning a class.
2. Narrative formats are collective and repeated dramatisations of stories based on life experiences; for example, role-

Marketing and Public Relations Terms

Celebrity Endorsement

Celebrity endorsement is the process where a famous person publicly uses, recommends, or is otherwise associated with a particular brand.

Demographic

A demographic is a part of a population that can be treated as a group for marketing purposes, defined by factors such as age or income.

Endorsement

An endorsement is a statement made by a famous or important person saying that they use and like a particular product.

Information Sheet

An information sheet is a piece of paper giving details about an item, usually a product.

Press Release

A press release is a written statement that gives information to be broadcast or published.

Press Kit

A press kit is a pre-packaged set of promotional materials distributed...

The CV

A CV is an opportunity to show an employer why you're an ideal candidate for the job. In this, you can show your relevant skills, experience, achievements, and potential.

Good CV

• All about me
• Need to convince
• Good impression
• Include your skills
• Stand out from the others
• Good grammar, spelling, etc.

Do

• Use a standard font size
• Include relevant and recent work experience
• Skills and achievements with evidence
• Keep it short
• Use positive action verbs
• Include career aspirations
• Be honest but positive
• Have someone check it

Don't

• Leave gaps in employment
• Lie
• Include irrelevant info

Bad CV

• Not in order
• Not good vocab
• Informal
• Not the best interests
• Not good experience

Possible Contents of a CV

• Personal details
• Personal career/profile
• Other headings, summary, achievements
• Education
• Work

4.4. Neoliberal Industrial Policy: From vertical policies to horizontal measures and Structural Reforms (labour market reform, services’ reform, etc) since the 1970s

We shall look first at what actually happened, and later we will talk about the alternative and possible Keynesian alternative. In the wake of a shrinking working class, there was an important change in industrial policy since the 1980s. It began in the late 1970s with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan in the UK and US. Curiously, it was social democrat parties in Europe who produced the change.

Then, in 1982 Latin American countries were facing the debt crisis, and they were forced to open their economies and apply neoliberal policies. It was the end of the Third World project