Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Secondary education

History and Origins of Handball

Handball was invented in Germany by Siemens, and the 11-player version (handblood) transitioned in 1947 to the modern format: seven players on a 40x20 field.

Basic Rules and Objective

The primary objective is to introduce the ball into the opposing goal. The winning team is the one that has scored more goals after the game concludes.

The Playing Field and Equipment

Land of the game:

• Penalty: 7m
• Intercom (Goal Area): 4m
• Goalkeeper (Porter): 3.16m
• Sideline (Band): 4.5m

Material: A leather ball is used, featuring different diameters according to the category.

Match Duration and Player Roles

Duration: The game consists of two parts of 30 minutes with 10 minutes of rest.

Players: Each team has 12 players (7 on the field and 5...

English Vocabulary: Dawn to Dusk and Beyond

Words Starting with A-C

• Dawn: The first light of day.
• Dusk: The time of day immediately following sunset.
• Batty: Mentally irregular (slang term).
• Filthily: In a filthy, unclean manner.
• Nape: The back side of the neck.
• To heave: To rise and move, as in waves or billows.
• To toss: To agitate.
• Token: An individual instance of a type of symbol.
• Beckoning: To signal with the hands; to call.
• Charcoal: Carbonaceous material obtained by burning organic material in the absence of air.
• Moth: Nocturnal insect having a stout body and feathery antennae.

Words Starting with C-H

• To compel: To force one to do something.
• Stag: Adult male deer.
• Antler: Deciduous horn of a member of the deer family.
• To pull someone's leg: To tease someone.

Understanding and Training Endurance

Resistance is the ability to sustain effort, with varying intensity, over a prolonged period. To classify resistance, we consider two key concepts: muscle participation and energy production.

Muscle participation refers to the amount of muscle groups involved in the activity:

• General resistance: Involves most muscle groups in activities or exercises.
• Specific resistance: Involves specific muscle groups, such as arms, legs, or abs.

Energy production refers to the system by which the body obtains the necessary oxygen to produce energy in the muscle:

• Aerobic endurance: Occurs when sufficient oxygen reaches the muscle to produce energy.
• Anaerobic resistance: Occurs when the oxygen supply is insufficient for the intensity

Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is a set of organs that allow you to move the body and maintain its position. It includes the osteoarticular system and other elements that have the ability to produce movement, such as the muscular system.

Parts of the Osteoarticular System

• Bones: Hard and static parts, consisting of living tissue. Their external shape varies; they may be short, flat, or long. They perform four functions:
  • Sustainability
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Metabolic
• Joints: Areas of contact between two or more bones. The mobility of the bones depends on the type of link they have. They can be:
  • No movement (synarthrosis)
  • Little mobility (joint plane)
  • One axis of movement (hinge joint)
  • Two axes of movement (condyloid joint)
  • Three axes of

Physical Conditioning

Physical Condition: The ability to perform daily tasks with vigor and effectiveness, delaying fatigue and preventing injury. This involves maximizing efficiency and minimizing energy expenditure. Basic physical conditions are: resistance, strength, speed, and flexibility.

Principles of Training

Principle of Adaptation

The human body can withstand physical activity and adjust to its practice. After running, the body undergoes wear that causes a momentary decrease in physical level. Later, the body recovers and reaches a new level, higher than the previous one (overcompensation).

Principle of Progression

The human body is capable of increasing efforts progressively. To achieve an increase in physical fitness, exercise must be...

• The cooperation to make goals or points
• The rules and regulations that determine the relationship between members
• The area of play and the limits of the court
• A moving object like a ball to fight, pass, and make points
• Physical skills and abilities to take part in each particular sport

• Flexibility, endurance, strength, and speed
• Coordination of motor skills, special awareness
• Controlling

Physical Fitness Fundamentals

Physical fitness enables daily physical activity without excessive fatigue. It comprises four key components, often called the four "S's": Strength, Stamina (or endurance), Speed, and Suppleness (or flexibility). In Spanish, these are known as "Capacidades Físicas Básicas".

1. Endurance or Stamina

Endurance is the ability to exercise continuously for extended periods without tiring. It's crucial for health, quality of life, and many sports, such as marathons. Regular stamina training benefits the cardiovascular system.

There are two main types of stamina based on energy usage:

• Aerobic Stamina: Enables low-intensity activities over long periods, with sufficient oxygen supply to muscles.
• Anaerobic Stamina: Enables high-

Triple-Threat Position

In the triple-threat position, the player is placed in an attack stance: feet apart in line with the shoulders, shooting hand forward, knees half-bent, body leaning forward, head up to maintain court vision; the ball is held between the waist and chest.

Shooting Fundamentals

Features of a Good Shot

• Softness: The ball is not launched at high speed to facilitate accuracy and prevent it from bouncing too far from the rim.
• Backspin: The ball has a backspin produced by the fingers.
• Trajectory: The ball's trajectory should be a parabola of average height.

Types of Shots

Layup (Tray Shot)

The layup is executed with the hand farthest from the defender. If near the rim, the palm faces up; if further away, it faces down to provide greater...

The track
The court must take official measures 24 to 28 meters long and 13 to 15 meters wide. The marked lines are as follows: The inner circle of 3'60 meters in diameter, and the free throw line which is parallel to the baseline.

The boat:
The ball is received with both hands, fingers open and toes clinging to the inside.

Pass:
This technique was used to relate the players during the offensive plays.

Tactic
Players are identified mainly by a tactical role in the field. The management of the players is the proximity or remoteness of the ring and from low to high stature: the base, the guard, forward, the low post and high post. It is customary to number the following numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Duration of a match:
The length of a basketball