Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Vocational training

Organizational Structures and Models

There are different models of organizational structure, and each company adapts the one most appropriate for its needs.

Hierarchical Linear Model

It is based on the principle of command, meaning all members of the company report to a superior. This model is typically used for small businesses.

Advantages

• Simplicity
• Clearly defined authority and responsibility
• Speedy decision-making

Disadvantages

• Lack of worker specialization
• Excessive concentration of authority
• Lack of flexibility to adapt to change
• Potential for low motivation

Functional Model

This model is characterized by the presence of specialists (e.g., IT professionals, psychologists, engineers).

Advantages

• Workers and specialists operate within their specific areas

Vocabulary: Global Concepts

Global

Occurring or given on the scale of the entire globe.

Postindustrial

A type of society based less on manufacturing output and more on the production of services and knowledge.

Informational

A kind of post-industrial society where activities are organized through modern means of information processing.

Modernization

The transformation of a traditional society into a modern, technologically developed one with a high level of material welfare.

Transnational Corporations

Companies that develop their productive activities in several countries and seek to sell their goods and services in the global market.

Liberalization

The reduction of government controls on economic activity, allowing it to move within a framework of free...

Understanding the Psychological Contract in Organizations

The psychological contract refers to the unwritten expectations and agreements between an individual and an organization when they begin employment. These implicit understandings significantly influence both employee satisfaction and their permanence and development within the organization.

Types of Employee Training

Effective training is crucial for employee development and organizational success. Training can be categorized into:

• Internal Training: This involves creating a specific department or dedicated resources within the company to provide training assistance to workers. This approach can save time and ensure training is highly relevant to internal processes.
• External Training: Companies

Spanish Constitution and Social Welfare

The Spanish Constitution mandates that public authorities ensure that the freedom and equality of individuals and the groups to which they belong are real and effective. It also promotes the fulfillment of objectives that enable social and economic progress. Specific groups—including youth, the elderly, families, children, and individuals with physical, sensory, or mental disabilities—constitute the backbone of the social services framework.

Purpose of the Law

The law establishes the regulatory environment for the autonomous region. Through administrative action, it provides a public system of social facilities, resources, programs, and services available to the population.

Core Principles

• Public Liability:

The Creation of the USSR

In 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created.

Political Organisation

The political organisation of the USSR put into practice Marxist ideas (communism) with the establishment of a proletariat dictatorship.

• Political power was held by the soviets, which had the power to make laws and choose the people who held executive power.
• The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the only political party, representing the interests of the workers.

Economy

Lenin was forced to postpone the implementation of socialism due to food shortages caused by the civil war. The New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed some capitalist systems. Peasants could sell their produce, and small private artisan shops were set up. The state...

Risk and Social Change

Reflexive Modernization and Risk Society

• Increasing Risks
• Increasing possibilities, options, decision-making alternatives
• Increasing reflexivity (reflexive modernity)
• Increasing the feeling of taking risks (Risk Society)

Reflexive Modernization: Beck, Giddens, and Lash

Reflexivity

• Beck: Focused on the role of unintended dynamics of modernity (non-knowledge), which are what cause the unintended risks.
• Giddens: It is precisely this knowledge that creates most of the manufactured risks that affect us (such as nuclear energy) and that replace the natural ones (such as earthquakes). Because of the knowledge...

Reflexive Modernization and Risk Society

Increasing the Feeling of Taking Risks (Risk Society)

Crisis of Meaning – Disenchantment

Individualization:

Challenges of Modern Social Integration

Many individuals face significant difficulties accessing housing and stable employment. Precarious job contracts and unworthy working conditions contribute to widespread insecurity. Furthermore, the solitude many people feel today highlights a growing sense of isolation. A trend toward individualism—fighting solely for one's own interests—often leads to increased levels of aggression, violence, anxiety, and high stress. Discrimination against those who are different remains a major barrier to full social inclusion.

Primary Causes of Social Exclusion

• Economic: The most common cause, typically related to employment status.
• Formative: Issues such as illiteracy and school failure.
• Health: Challenges including

Over Half of Europe’s Amphibians Face Extinction by 2050

1. Due to the effects.
2. Because the effects of viruses.
3. They are very pessimistic.
4. Amphibians are essential to.
5. When the effects are more.
6. The extinction of many amphibians.
7. Because planet warming will.
8. To reduce gas emissions and to encourage.

Svalbard: The Land Beyond the North Cape

1. Between Norway and the North Pole.
2. The name means “cold coast” in Norse.
3. Probably Norse sailors.
4. Svalbard became Norwegian.
5. By boat.
6. 12º C below zero.
7. Because of the Polar night there.
8. Bears are known to hunt humans.

Arranged Marriages

1. Are usual in Asian countries.
2. To assist people in finding their ideal.
3. Are ready to be married if they.
4. To be as compatible.
5. Origin.
6. Can count on their relatives.
7. Are often prejudiced against.
8. Try

Creating Jobs and Job Profiles

Creating jobs. Professionals and job profiles. The job profiles: they are documents which define the duties, responsibilities, physical and environmental characteristics, occupational skills required and other specifications that define very clearly the types and conditions of each of the jobs in the company.

The Role of Employment in the Company

B. The role of employment in the company. The various tasks of the department are:

Selection Policy

Selection policy. Selection involves conducting a series of tests for applicants and aims to find the right person to fill a particular job. You can make two types of selection:

• § Custom.
• § Collective.

Recruitment

Recruitment: all actions aimed at communicating to prospective...