Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Vocational training

Different Philosophical Perspectives on Entrepreneurship

2.1. R. Cantillon (Father of Political Economy)

"As a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise."

- The Focus of Cantillon's definition of an entrepreneur is on:

1. Entrepreneur's function
2. Their role as an uncertainty-bearer in the market

Market-Based Perspectives

Adam Smith (1770) [The Father of Economics]

An entrepreneur is an individual who undertakes the formation of an organization for commercial purposes by recognizing the potential demand for goods and services, and thereby acts as an economic agent, transforming demand into supply.

Leon Walras

Hofstede's Five Cultural Dimensions

Through the Hofstede dimensions, we are able to map cultural differences and similarities. These evaluations help managers adjust to diverse cultural conditions. The five dimensions include:

• Individualism vs. Collectivism: The integration of individuals into groups.
• Masculinity vs. Femininity: The division of emotional roles between women and men.
• Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation: A focus on the future, present, or past.
• Power Distance: Different solutions to the problem of human inequality.
• Uncertainty Avoidance: Levels of stress in the face of an uncertain future.

Gesteland's Iron Rules of International Business

Richard Gesteland proposed two fundamental "Iron Rules" for global trade:

1. In international business,

Management Functions: Execution

Activities involved in putting into practice the philosophy of empowerment for all concerned:

• Drive and challenge others to do their best.
• Motivate members.
• Communicate effectively.
• Develop members who realize their potential.
• Communicate effectively with recognition and reward; provide good pay for a job well done.
• Supervise the efforts of execution in the light of monitoring results.

Management Functions: Control

To check and monitor what is being done to ensure that the work of others is progressing satisfactorily toward the predetermined goal.

Activities:

• Compare the results with the general plans.
• Evaluate the results against performance standards.
• Effectively devise means to measure operations, which are the means to

Understanding Competences and Skills

Defining Competences

What are competences or skills?

• They are what make people competent: the prerequisites for effective action.
• They should take into account all general and specific knowledge, skills, and motivations needed for effective action.

Action Categories for Graduates

According to Allen, Ramaekers, and van der Velden (2005), higher education graduates may find themselves in nine primary action categories:

• Directing productive tasks
• Directing the work of others
• Planning
• Coordination
• Control
• Innovation
• Information management
• Maintaining relations with personnel
• Maintaining relations with clients

Types of Competences: General and Specific

General Competences Explained

General competences can be applied across a range...

After 5 years studying International business and with an emphasis on Finance, I would like to expand my knowledge in this field by applying to the MBA in Finance & Businesses program at Wharton University of Pennsylvania. During my years of study in Universidad del Norte, finance was my field of interest, I took every course of finances with the best attitude because I believe that is the most important factor in a company. Finance became a field of interest because of my high school years, I always wanted to know what happens with the money inside a business. I studied at Liceo de Cervantes school in Barranquilla and that was the beginning of the affection I have for it. I participated in entrepreneurship contests for acquiring more knowledge...

Purpose and Objectives of Management

The purpose of management is to improve an organization's productive contributions. It is responsible from an ethical, social, and strategic standpoint. An administrative objective is a goal that requires a defined action. Orientation suggests extra effort for a leader.

Purpose of Administration

Achieving common goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling activities, and using resources to satisfy the needs of a society.

Importance of Administration

• Basics: Universality, simplification of work, productivity and efficiency, common good.
• It gives effect to human efforts.
• It helps to get the best staff, equipment, materials, money, and human relationships.
• It provides foresight and creativity.
• Continuous

Competencies of Staff Delegates and Committee Members

Staff delegates and committee members possess the following business skills and rights:

Information Rights

Receive information regarding:

1. The economic situation of the company and the sector it belongs to.
2. The probable evolution of employment within the company.
3. The company's accounts.
4. All penalties imposed for offenses deemed very serious.
5. The staff absenteeism index and its causes.
6. Indices of occupational accidents and diseases and their consequences; accident rates.
7. Periodic or special studies on the working environment and the prevention mechanisms that are used.

Contractual Matters

• Receive a basic copy of contracts and notification of extensions within ten days.
• Know the models of written work contracts

Unit 2: The Spanish Constitution - Parts IV to X

2.1 Title IV: Government and Public Administration

Function of the Government

The Government is the body that directs domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration, and the defense of the state. It exercises executive and statutory authority under the Constitution and laws.

Composition of the Government

The Government consists of the President, one or more Vice Presidents, Ministers, and other members established by law.

Cessation of the Government

The Government is constituted through the process of approving its President and ceases by:

• General election (every four years)
• Early dissolution of the Cortes (Parliament)
• Loss of parliamentary confidence (motion of censure or vote of confidence)

Human Language: Unique Characteristics

Human language possesses several distinctive characteristics that set it apart from animal communication systems. These features contribute to its complexity, flexibility, and power.

Creativity

Humans have the ability to construct new sentences, enabling us to convey novel experiences to our listeners. We possess an infinite capacity to express and understand the meaning of sentences by using known elements to produce new ones. This contrasts with the fixed and limited set of calls used by animals.

Displacement

We can refer to events and objects that are not spatially or temporally present. This displacement feature is fundamental to cultural and technical progress and is not observed in any other animal species....

Urban Planning and Land Management

A Technical Administrator is needed to carry out the plans, project implementation, and expropriation, requiring new administrative institutions with the power to change land ownership structures.

This arises partly because developer actions, whether public or private, generate profits on new farms. The intent is to balance the burdens and benefits of this action.

In short, public institutions regulate and ensure that the urbanization process results in housing with ideal conditions, now known as quality of life. The approach management techniques of the new administrative tools depend on the plan's intended use. Land may be expropriated as inherent, redistributed among owners, or equitably distributed among...