Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for University

The teaching of "Media" should be based on the creation of critical social thought. The purpose of education should be to prepare people to participate in society, providing them with tools and resources to develop their own critical social thought. We need to provide the resources to know how to, and to want to, make social decisions, resolve day-to-day problems, and exercise their role consciously, constructively, and responsibly. Citizen awareness and commitment to the world we live in should be encouraged, starting with awareness between science and social problems, and the correlation between the decisions of individuals on the group as a whole.

The Critical Model

• Objectives: Teaching a critical thought approach, thoughtful and committed

Qualities of Time

Irreversibility

Time cannot go backward. Once something has happened, it cannot be undone.

Inseparability from Space

Everything happens in a particular time and space. These two concepts are inseparable.

Relativity

Time is relative, depending on the observer or the circumstances (subjective).

Multiplicity

Each discipline or science analyzes time from a different perspective.

Essential Competences in Education

Besides Civic competence, our teaching unit prioritizes self-reflection and awareness of relevant social problems to improve society and foster active participation and citizenship. We will assess the following basic competences:

Transversal Competences

Communicative and Linguistic Competence

Students should be able to communicate...

Classical Approaches to Social Change

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

• Social Dynamics: The processes that operate within society.
• Social Statics: The study of the parts of society and their relations.

Herbert Spencer (1850-1903)

• Structures: Relationships that shape a society.
• Functions: The role played by each social group within the social system.

Basic Sociological Laws

• Laws of Coexistence: Why certain social phenomena invariably appear together.
• Inheritance Laws: Why certain social phenomena precede others.

Understanding Technological Change

Partial Technological Change

Occurs when there is a change in perception, use, or characteristics of a given technology:

• Change in the social perception of a given technology.
• Change in the types of uses of a given technology.

Basic Concepts of Technology

Technology

The branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science.

Understanding the Innovation Process

Technology Push

Emphasis on research and development (R&D).

Market Pull

Emphasis on market and user issues.

Interactive Models

Characterized by an interactive nature, feedback between phases, multidisciplinary teams, and the implication of functional departments throughout the process.

Key Technological Functions

Patents

Exclusive rights for the production and distribution of a particular invention.

Organizational Strategy Frameworks

Strategic

1.5. In a Secant Cylindrical Transverse Projection, geographic coordinates are projected onto a plane wrapped around the Earth in the form of a cylinder that touches the Earth along a meridian (orthogonal to the equator). In a tangential projection, the diameter of the cylinder coincides with the diameter of the planet, whereas a secant cylinder is smaller than the diameter of the Earth, thus cutting through its surface along two meridians. Since projection scale is 1:1 at the tangent meridian, smaller than 1:1 in-between secant tangents, and larger than 1:1 outside tangents, the average projection error is smaller in the case of a secant projection, as compared with the tangential counterpart. When adapted to a specific region, the transversal...

Regional State Models: Italy, France, and Spain

The regional state is proposed as a solution to the problems inherent in unitary states, specifically addressing bureaucratic centralization. This tendency, where all matters are determined by a national political center, often strengthens central government bodies at the expense of peripheral organs. In practice, this leads to regional inequalities, typically resulting in a developed capital city and underdeveloped peripheral regions.

Forms of Government

Before establishing a taxonomy of government forms, it is important to note that there are various approaches to studying this phenomenon:

• Broad: Relates to all power management activities.
• Restricted: Defines government as the governing body (executive

The Evolution of Chilean Education: 1813–1996

Early Foundations (1813–1840)

• 1813: Primary education began with 7 schools and 664 students, eventually growing to 50,000.
• 1819: Implementation of the Rules for Teachers of First Letters and Rules for Schools.
• 1822: The Constitution emphasized the expansion of education.
• 1828: Restoration of the Lancastrian Normal School.
• 1833: A new Constitution, effective until 1925, recognized the freedom of education while placing the responsibility for national education development and supervision on the state.

Institutional Growth (1842–1879)

• 1842: Creation of a uniform curriculum and the founding of the University of Chile.
• 1845: Founding of the first normal school and the first night school in Santiago.
• 1856:

Understanding Social Institutions

A social institution is a standardized form of conduct and behavior. It consists of a set of interrelated roles, norms, and relationships designed to help individuals satisfy essential social needs.

Features of Social Institutions

• Intentional Element: Designed to satisfy specific social needs, such as reproduction, socialization, labor, and order.
• Relatively Permanent Content: While traditional and durable, these structures remain subject to gradual social change.
• Structure and Coordination: Roles and performance standards are interrelated, interdependent, and defined in relation to others.
• Unification: Institutions function as a cohesive unit to meet specific needs, while remaining interdependent with other societal

The Concept of the Social State in Spain

Article 1 of the Constitution establishes that Spain is a Social State. This prominence is significant because the Franco regime had also proclaimed itself 'social,' which is manifestly impossible unless the state itself is truly Democratic.

A second element is that the Welfare State was conceived differently at the time of drafting the Constitution than it is now, as it was not yet in crisis and was considered essential for the modernization of the democratic state.

Furthermore, Spain had not yet entered the European Union (EU), where part of the state's economic policy is transferred to European institutions. Consequently, some points established by the Constitution cannot be fully exercised. We note...

The interests of those represented are central to this discussion. It is a complex figure of the representative, but there is a third aspect to clarify the dilemma of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's position and the advocates of Indirect Constitutionalism.

The people are sovereign, and they remain so only to the extent that citizens have rights and freedoms. It is clear that the citizens who elect a representative do not transfer sovereignty, because if they did, they would no longer be sovereign. The representative represents the political interests of his district; all can be and needs to be resolved. It is then based on the fact that the representative must attend to a dual responsibility: as an MP, they should seek a common interest and resolve