Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Other courses

The United Nations: Structure and Evolution

1. The General Assembly (GA)

Key Characteristics

• The GA consists of 193 members, each holding one vote.
• There is a notable tendency for the formation of voting groups, blocs, and alliances.

Historical Phases of the General Assembly

Growth: Pro-West (1945–1960)

• This period saw accelerating decolonization.
• The GA gained increased influence, bypassing the Security Council (SC) with the Uniting for Peace Resolution in 1950.
• It became easier for the United States to push its own political agendas during this era.

Stagnation: Anti-West and Pro-Soviet (1965–1991)

• An increasing number of Third World and decolonized members were unstable, impoverished, and socially divided.

Open Universal Membership (Post-1991)

• This

Early 18th Century: Imported Fairy Tales

The early 18th century saw the import of fairy tales from France, mirroring the 19th-century trend with German tales. Louis XIV's court favored literary folk tales. Charles Perrault's collections, including Histories or Tales of Past Times (1729), introduced English readers to Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots, and Cinderella.

Shifting Educational Goals

Children's reading objectives evolved from religious education to social education. By the 19th century, the focus shifted to social advancement through practical knowledge.

Key Changes in the 18th Century

Emphasis on Children's Education

The growing middle class recognized children's need for education and enjoyment.

Social Education

Adults prioritized a sheltered...

The 1968 Olympic Protest: A Symbol of Black Power

Tommie Smith and John Carlos were African American athletes who won the gold and bronze medals, respectively, in the 200-meter race. They received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty. The two men stood with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed while the American national anthem played. With this gesture, they sought to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States. The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolize ‘Black Power’. The silver medallist, white Australian athlete, Peter Norman, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support for the two Americans.

Understanding Social

What is quality management?

Quality management does not aim to assure good quality, but rather to ensure that an organization or product is consistent. It has four main components:

• quality planning
• quality control
• quality assurance (garantía)
• quality improvement

Its principles include meeting customer requirements, leadership and involvement of people, understanding and managing all interrelated processes as a system, continual improvement, and making decisions based on data analysis and information.

Quality Management in Construction Projects

Quality refers to products or services, while quality management refers to processes. According to the ISO 9000 standards, all projects should have their own audited quality management systems. Every project...

Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Father of Modern India

Raja Ram Mohan Roy, known as the Father of Modern India, was the earliest leader of India’s social and intellectual awakening in the 19th century. He fought against major social evils such as:

• Sati
• Child marriage
• Polygamy
• Caste rigidity
• Superstition

He used rational ideas and reinterpretation of ancient texts to drive change. Roy promoted women’s rights, especially widow protection and female education, and strongly supported freedom of speech and the press.

Brahmo Samaj Foundation

In 1828, he founded the Brahmo Samaj, which preached monotheism, rejected idol worship, opposed ritualism, and encouraged moral and spiritual reform. Roy also played an important role in shaping modern education by supporting...

Economic Evolution: The Age of Autarchy (1939–1959)

Following the Civil War, the Franco regime implemented policies of economic self-reliance, known as the Age of Autarchy (1939–1959). With autarkic policies, the state heavily intervened in all sectors of the economy, driving public works.

Consequences of Autarchy

The period of autarchy led to several severe consequences:

• Economic stagnation due to low agricultural production, often exacerbated by drought.
• Lack of industrial development.
• Severe social problems resulting from product scarcity, leading to high prices and the proliferation of the black market, where products were sold at inflated prices.

The Stabilization Plan of 1959

The Stabilization Plan of 1959 marked the end of autarchy and initiated...

Society: Experts Confirm Historic UFO Moment

Experts assert that we are in "a historic moment of the UFO phenomenon."

July 27, 2009 | Barcelona

Robert Dean, former U.S. Army Sergeant Major and UFO researcher, is one of a thousand experts on extraterrestrial presence who gathered this weekend in Sitges for the European Summit of Exopolitics. Pepón Jover, director of Exopolitics Spain, stated, "We are living a historic moment, if we consider the avalanche of unprecedented UFO file disclosures by authorities in Canada, Denmark, France, Britain, Ireland, or Brazil."

He added, "Astronauts like Edgar Mitchell and cosmonaut Marina Popovich of the Russian Space Agency have declared that contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations have been hidden from...

Analytic vs. Synthetic Languages

Modern English is a highly analytic language because it does not depend on inflections, but on the functions of words in a sentence. In contrast, Old English was a synthetic language because it expressed grammatical relationships through inflections and case endings. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs took different forms according to their grammatical function. This represents one of the most important changes in terms of syntax.

The Role of Sanskrit in Linguistics

Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language whose texts date back to 1500 BCE, but it was discovered by Europeans in the 18th century. This discovery allowed scholars to identify similarities between Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Germanic languages. Sanskrit...

Topic 5: Decision-Making Process and Sources

As established in accordance with the provisions of Article 288 TFEU, the competences of the Union are exercised through the action of its institutions. These institutions establish their will through rules of primary and secondary law. Given that the procedures for drafting these rules vary, it is necessary to define the governing system.

Treaty Revision Models

As Article 48 TEU stipulates, treaties may be amended according to two revision models:

• The Ordinary Procedure
• The Simplified Procedure

The Ordinary Procedure

The ordinary procedure is initiated when any government of a Member State, the European Parliament, or the Commission submits draft revisions of the treaties (TEU, TFEU, or TCEEA) to the Council....

Workforce Planning & Talent Management

Workforce re-cultivation involves strategic internal investigation and planning to predict the labor force and human talent required for the realization of future organizational actions.

Strategic Workforce Planning

Strategic workforce planning aims to align human capital with organizational goals, ensuring the right talent is available when needed.

Key Workforce Planning Models

• Demand-based model: Estimates demand for products or services, accounting for productivity increases from technological changes.
• Substitution model: Focuses on replacing positions.
• Flow model: Characterizes the flow of people into and out of the organization.
• Integrated planning model: Considers planned workload volume, technological