Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for Primary education

SMART Objectives in Education

What is a SMART Objective?

A SMART objective is a specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goal set for student learning. Each element is crucial for creating effective learning experiences:

Specific

The objective has to be precise enough to show the learning outcome you want to get with your students.

Measurable

How will you know that your students have achieved the goal? What kind of indicators will I see, hear, or feel by the end of the lesson?

Achievable

The objective can be reached by students taking into consideration time, previous knowledge, and other constraints of the group.

Relevant

The objective has to be meaningful for students and it has to meet, if possible, students’ interests.

Time-Bound

Will...

CONVENTIONS:

practices, behaviours, ideas and styles regarded as normal or taken for granted.

DISCRIMINATION:

treating someone or some group as different or less-than based upon their identity.

DOUBLE STANDARD:

a set of guidelines or principles in which one group of people is treated differently than performing the same or similar behaviour.

EXCLUSIONIST:

the position of excluding someone or some group from a fundamental right or prerogative.

FEMININITY:

socially constructed characteristics or ideas typically associated with the female sex.

FEMINISM:

a philosophy and social movement centered on improving the status and lives of women.

GENDER:

socially constructed characteristics associated with biological sex; ie., feminine, masculine.

HIERARCHICAL:

a system...

Interaction Strategies:

• Taking the Floor: Can ask for attention.
• Co-operating: Can indicate when they are following.
• Asking for Clarification: Can say “Repeat, please”, can say “Sorry, I don’t understand”, and can ask for clarification about key words or phrases.

Example: Talk about your favorite animal with your partner (spoken interaction).

Reception Strategies:

• Grasp the overall meaning (gist).
• Extract specific information.
• Predict.
• Guess the meaning of unknown words.

Example: (CD) Listen and tick the four animals.

Production Strategies:

• Planning: Can rehearse what’s going to be said.
• Can plan silently what’s going to be written.
• Compensating:
  • Can identify what he/she means by pointing.
  • Can use gestures to clarify what he/she wants to say.

Key Motivational Theories

Theory X and Theory Y

• Theory X: Focuses on physiological needs, safety, and security needs.
• Theory Y: Focuses on love (social) needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

ERG Theory

• Existence Needs: Encompass physiological and physical safety needs.
• Relatedness Needs: Encompass interpersonal safety, love, and esteem needs.
• Growth Needs: Encompass self-actualization and self-esteem needs.

McClelland's Need Theory

Manifest Needs: Learned or acquired needs that are easily perceived.

• Need for Achievement: Encompasses excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties. People with a high need for achievement perform better.
• Need for Power: Concerns the desire to influence others, change people

Understanding Workflow Definitions

Workflow analysis is the process of describing and registering a job's goals, its principal accountabilities and activities, the conditions under which it is performed, and the required knowledge, skills, and aptitudes.

It is used when establishing:

• The organization's structure
• Job structure
• Levels of authority
• Control levels
• Performance criteria
• Redundant employees
• Counseling

There are strong relations between job analysis and:

• Organization's goals
• Technology
• HR planning
• Employee recruitment and selection
• Performance evaluation
• Training
• Compensation
• Career planning and management
• Health and life quality at the workplace

The influence that job design has on employee satisfaction, motivation, and performance has been known since...

Mental Health: Conditions, Assessment, and Treatments

Roles: Psychiatrist and Psychologist

Psychiatrist — prescribes medications for treating mental illness. Psychologist — performs research and administers diagnostic tests; typically cannot prescribe medications.

Assessment: History and Physical Exam

Medical history: positive family history, depression, substance abuse.

Physical exam: may be inconclusive, confusing, inconsistent, or illogical in presentation.

Mood Disorders

• Depression — feelings of grief or persistent sadness.
• Bipolar disorder — recurrent cycles of depression and elation that affect normal life.
• Seasonal affective disorder — symptoms that occur during winter months.

Attention and Impulse Disorders

ADHD — decreased ability...

Socialization Use the term to describe a lifelong process in which you become integrated with your society.,We are constantly learning our society,We learn the norms and expectations, Both Absolute and Relative

Darkheim's Social IntegrationWhen an individual is brought into society

AbsoluteEvery Society that ever existed socializes it's kids

RelativeWhat you are being socialized into differs from society to society. Different periods of history. Gender roles and Social class are also relative.

3 Necessary Components of Socialization1) Language - Its important to learn a language by puberty unless it will be hard2) Human Interaction - You get socialized through interaction with other people3) Human Affection - People need to show love for you to...

1. 1. 1. What is leadership? How has it shifted from the old to new paradigm. 

      An influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purpose. The changes are from stabilizer to change manager. From Controller to facilitator. The shift is that effective leaders share power instead of hoarding it. The focus moves toward employees and more empathy. 

      2. How does the trait approach to leadership differ from the behavior approach? Give an example of each.

      The Trait approach bases its approach on characteristics such as intelligence. The idea is that people are already born with these traits or not. The behavior approach focuses less on traits and more on behaviors that leaders engage in and are these

Sins of society: Hard Times is one of the main novels by Charles Dickens, first published in 1854 during the Industrial Revolution and the Victorian Age. The term “Victorian” encompasses a quite particular historical connection, attaching an appropriate set of ideas, circumstances, values, and attitudes. Actually, the way in which the working classes were treated—their behaviors and the injustices they faced—was the reason why Charles Dickens mainly wrote about the sins of society.

Victorian Education and Social Control

The work mainly explains how both perspectives of education in the 19th century and the working class needed to be broadened and refined. Victorian education was understood as a means of both social control and individual...

Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory

Four Main Factors Influencing Career Choice

• Genetic Influences
• Environmental Conditions and Events
• Learning Experiences
• Task Approach Skills

Foundation of Krumboltz's Career Theory

Krumboltz’s theory of career decision making and development was based on Social Learning principles.

Parsons's Trait and Factor Theory

Purpose of Parsons's Theory of Occupational Choice

The purpose is to match careers to the talents, skills, and personality of a client.

Role of Assessments in Parsons's Theory

Assessments are necessary to gather the client’s talents, skills, likes, dislikes, and personality. Once this information is gathered, it can be used to help identify jobs or careers for which the client would be a perfect fit.

Ginzberg'