Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

Revelation- god revealing himself; 2 books- bible/creation

Legal Fiction

Legal fiction addresses the legal nature of fictions within the realm of law. These fictions exist between art and logic, serving as instruments that facilitate the development and evolution of legal systems.

Interest-Based Decisions

Contributing to the reform of legal science, Philipp Heck posits that law is a product of societal interests struggling for recognition. Laws result from the competition between national, religious, and ethical interests within the legal community.

Legal Predetermination of Competence

As stated in Article 44 of Chapter II, civil courts possess jurisdiction only when the knowledge of a lawsuit is assigned by legal rules established prior to the initiation of the proceedings.

Equity in Interpretation

Equity...

Article 27 of the 1978 Constitution

1. Everyone has the right to education. Freedom of teaching is recognized.

2. Education shall be directed toward the full development of the human personality, based on respect for democratic principles of coexistence and fundamental rights and freedoms.

3. Public authorities guarantee the right of parents to ensure their children receive religious and moral instruction in accordance with their own convictions.

4. Elementary education is compulsory and free.

5. Public authorities guarantee the right of everyone to education through general educational planning, with the effective participation of all affected sectors and educational establishments.

6. The freedom of individuals and legal entities to establish educational...

Rene Descartes (1595-1650)

Born in La Haye en Touraine, France.

A philosopher and mathematician, Descartes' great work is Discourse on Method, published in 1637.

In Discourse on Method, he introduces methodical doubt, subjecting all knowledge to rigorous scrutiny.

His famous formulation: "I think, therefore I am."

Descartes aspired to establish firm and lasting foundations in the sciences.

Rules of Method

• The principle of evidence (or methodical doubt).
• The precept of analysis.
• The precept of synthesis.
• The process of verification.

Theory of Two Substances

A substance exists independently, requiring nothing else for its existence.

Part of the cogito (thought): Descartes argues that he is solely a thinking substance, as even the most radical skeptic cannot...

Employment Termination and Contractual Voids

Termination Agreement: This is an agreement between the employee and the employer to terminate the employment contract.

Termination-Termination: This occurs when there is a void in hiring by the Administration without a competition; this causes a void in the contract.

Understanding Hours in Itinere

What are hours in itinere? These are the hours workers spend moving to the workplace that are counted as working hours. This applies where the workplace is inaccessible or not serviced by regular public transport, and transportation is provided by the employer. It also considers cases where there is an incompatibility between the start or end of the workday and the scheduled public transport.

If the employer

Heterogeneous Public Discourse

Public discourse is structured according to the speaker's intention. It encompasses various forms, each serving a specific communicative purpose.

Core Discourse Types

• Description: Represents the real world by detailing the characteristics, structure, and properties of an object. It is read in conjunction with the outside world, referring to the specific time and place of insertion.
• Explanatory: Aims to make an idea understandable. It follows a questioning phase and a decisive phase to ensure the purpose is clear.
• Narrative: Accounts structured by chaining events to build a story. It includes an initial situation (equilibrium), a complication (unexpected event), and an outcome (re-establishment of balance).
• Argumentative:

T.U: Aim: protect and improve rights of all society members. Regulate employment relationship. Reduce vulnerability of individual by collective org. Before craft based, now very large super unions for all workers.Union Recognition: when signed procedure agreement to negotiate employment’s terms and conditions. Routes to U.R: Recognition by agreement/ Central Arbitration Commitee (CAC. Recognition ballots). Facts: 28% in 2007/ Public s 59%, private 16%, strong differences/196 TU/ 7.6 M members/ 73% membership in 250.000 plus/ eg Unite 1,9M, Unison 1,3M. Wh work with TU: t.U representatives essential part of communication process/ employers seek long term stability Non-u strategy: ideological (Unions disruptive to busin)/ unrepresentative/...

Contract Definition

A contract is a legal agreement in which two or more parties consent to create, transmit, modify or extinguish rights and obligations. It is the most important source of obligations in the civil law system.

Contracts may exclusively create personal rights, such as the obligations arising from a loan, and may also create real rights. Examples of contracts that create real rights include the mandate, the deposit, the loan for use (commodatum) and lease, which generate exclusively personal rights.

Main Classifications of Contracts

These classifications are presented in doctrine and in positive law, from several points of view. The main categories are:

1. Bilateral and unilateral contracts
2. Onerous and gratuitous contracts
3. Commutative

Interactions Between Classes

Inheritance: The process of a subclass (child) taking on the functionality of a superclass (parent), known as generalization. It is represented by a straight line with the arrow pointing towards the superclass.

Bidirectional Association: Both classes are aware of each other and their relationship. It is represented by a straight line between the two classes.

Aggregation and Composition

• Aggregation: Example: Class (parent) and student (child). If the class is deleted, the students still exist.
• Composition: Example: House (parent) and room (child). If the house is deleted, the rooms do not exist.

Ethical Dilemmas in Software Development

1. Log Files: What to Save and How to Handle Them

Programmers keep records of everything,...

It is undeniable that human actions are determined by the general laws of nature, regardless of the concept of free will we possess. Kant addresses this to discover the intention of Nature, establishing nine principles:

Principle 1: Natural Dispositions

Nature works with all species equally so that all natural dispositions are developed completely and adequately.

Principle 2: The Role of Reason

Nature intends for man to use reason to develop his faculties, moving beyond instinct through exercise and learning.

Principle 3: Self-Sufficiency

Nature desires that man exceeds his animal instincts, seeking his own happiness through the use of reason, ensuring that all credit belongs to the individual.

Principle 4: The Conflict of Sociability

Man has a tendency...