Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Music for Secondary education

The Renaissance was an artistic-cultural movement that, from Italy, spread throughout Western Europe from the 15th century. It was the cultural manifestation of a change in the European mentality that went from a theocentric world view, typical of the medieval period, to an anthropocentric one. This change, manifested in the humanist philosophical current, is considered the beginning of the Modern Age.

Principles:

• Anthropocentrism: They rejected theocentric mentality which revolved around God. They believed humans were the centre of the universe.
• Classical antiquity: They studied Greek and Latin texts and were inspired by the philosophers of antiquity.
• Scientific curiosity: They were interested in science and technological progress.

Origin:

During...

The Sydney Opera House is a modern building located in Sydney, New South Wales. It is one of the 20th century's most famous and distinctive buildings.

Design and Inauguration

The Sydney Opera House was designed by Danish architect Jorn Utzon. It was inaugurated on 20 October 1973. The building is an expressionist construction with a radically innovative design, consisting of a series of large prefabricated shells that form the roofs of the structure. The walls are made of brick and concrete. The theatre consists of rooms where people can enjoy several performance venues, including a concert hall, drama and studio theatre, and a Utzon room.

An Incredible Experience

In my opinion, although I have never been there, enjoying the surroundings of the

Idiophones

Idiophone instruments are those in which the sound is produced by the vibration of the instrument itself. They are classified considering the way the sound is produced, that is, how they are played. They can make sounds when hit, concussed, shaken, plucked, scraped, or even rubbed.

Percussion Idiophones

They can be pitched like bar instruments and those we can find in sets like the temple block. They can also be unpitched like the triangle, the gong, the woodblock, or the cajón flamenco.

Concussion Idiophones

Castanets, claves, and cymbals.

Shaken Idiophones

Maracas and rattles.

Plucked Idiophones

The berimbau and the sansa.

Scraped Idiophones

The güiro, the washboard, or the ratchet.

Friction Idiophones

Musical glasses, the glass harmonica,...

Secular Vocal Music Composers

Secular vocal music composers still cultivated vocal forms inherited from the Renaissance. Voices weren't presented on top of each other with the same importance anymore; the superior voice was highlighted over the rest of the voices.

Accompanied Monody

This new composition technique was called accompanied monody, and it was part of both vocal and instrumental music. It represented a shift in the horizontal-melodic conception (counterpoint texture) towards a vertical-chordal conception (harmonic texture).

The prominence of a superior melody implied the appearance of a new low voice. It served as harmonic support and was called basso continuo.

• Composers Mentioned: Juan Hidalgo and Mateo Romero

Scenic Music

Tonadilla

A small...

How Sound is Produced in Music

String Instruments

In string instruments, the sound is produced when one or more strings begin to vibrate. This vibration can be caused by:

• Rubbing the strings (bowed strings)
• Plucking the strings (plucked strings)
• Hitting the strings (hammered strings)

Wind Instruments

In wind instruments, the sound is produced when the air starts to vibrate inside a tube.

Percussion Instruments

In percussion instruments, the sound is produced when a solid object, which is usually struck, begins to vibrate.

The Human Voice: A Natural Wind Instrument

We are essentially a wind instrument. The voice is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords, which is caused by the pressure of the air we exhale. There are three steps in voice production:...

Romanticism

A movement in philosophy but especially in literature, romanticism is the revolt of the senses or passions against the intellect and of the individual against the consensus. Its first stirrings may be seen in the work of William Blake (1757-1827), and in continental writers such as the Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the German playwrights Schiller and Goethe.

The publication, in 1798, by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge of a volume entitled was a significant event in English literary history. The elegant Latinisms of the Augustans are dropped in favour of a kind of English closer to that spoken by real people. Robert Burns (1759 1796) writes lyric verse in the dialect of lowland Scots.

Later Romanticism

The...

Needed Me

I was good on my own, that's the way it was, that's the way it was.
You were good on the low for a faded fuck, on some faded love.
Shit, what the fuck are you complaining for?
Feeling jaded, huh?

Verse 2

Used to trip off that shit I was kicking to you.
Had some fun on the run though, I give it to you.
But baby, don't get it twisted:
You were just another nigga on the hit list.
Trying to fix your inner issues with a bad bitch.
Didn't they tell you that I was a savage?
Fuck your white horse and carriage.
Bet you never could imagine.
Never told you you could have it.

Chorus

You needed me.
Ooh, you needed me.
To feel a little more, and give a little less.
Know you hate to confess.
But baby, ooh, you needed me.

Verse 3

You've been rolling around,...

Artistic Parallels and Statements

Artists and thinkers often share profound connections, expressing similar themes through diverse mediums. Consider these compelling parallels:

• Picasso and Bob Dylan: Anti-War Statements

  Both Pablo Picasso and Bob Dylan, through their respective artistic releases, powerfully conveyed that wars are always something terrible. Their work stands as a strong statement against conflict.

• Miró and Munch: Creating Fantastic Atmospheres

  Joan Miró and Edvard Munch both excelled at creating fantastic, evocative atmospheres in their art. This artistic approach finds a parallel in abstract music, where mood and texture often take precedence over traditional melody.

• Einstein and Architecture: Exploring Limits

  Just as Albert Einstein

Lyric Poetry: Expressing Emotions and Feelings

Lyric is a literary genre in which the author conveys feelings, emotions, or sentiments about a person or object of inspiration.

Hyperbole: Definition and Usage

Hyperbole, from the Greek word ὑπερβολή (excess), is a figure of speech consisting of an exaggerated and intentional alteration of the reality being represented (a situation, characteristic, or attitude), either by excess (aúxesis) or by default (tapínosis). Hyperbole aims to achieve greater expressiveness.

Poetry: Definition and Historical Context

Poetry (from the Greek word ποίησις 'creation' < ποιέω = "create") is a kind of literary genre. It is also framed as a mode of textual expression (this is as a type of text)

Tradition and Renewal in Romanticism

Romanticism, emerging in a materialistic society, was characterized by contradictory attitudes regarding tradition and progress.

The Romantic Tradition

• Advocates for a return to religious, patriotic, and traditional aristocratic values of the Ancien Régime.

Key Authors:

• Novalis and Stöger (Germany)
• Chateaubriand (France)
• Walter Scott (England)

Liberal Romanticism

• Extols progress, radical liberalism, individual freedom, and human rights.

Key Authors:

• Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas (France)
• Lord Byron (England)
• Larra and Espronceda (Spain)

Defining Characteristics of Literary Romanticism

Individuality and Subjectivity

Romanticism champions the individual self, rebelling against anything that restricts personal expression....