Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Music for Secondary education

Characteristics of the Classical Music Era

• The Realm of Melody: Emphasis on symmetry, with favorite models being 8 measures (divided into periods of 4 and sub-periods of 2) and 6 beats (3+3).
• Tonal Language: Tonal hierarchy featuring I, V, and IV chords.
• Harmonic Filling: Use of harmonic tones to emphasize scales, arpeggios, etc.
• Alberti Bass: Accompaniment featuring a broken chord or arpeggiated figure, where the notes of the chord are presented in a specific order, usually low, high, middle, high.

Key Composers of the Classical Period

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

A master of character and aristocratic taste, despite drawing inspiration from popular works. He composed oratorios, including The Creation and The Seven Last Words of Christ, and 104 symphonies....

Renaissance Sculpture

Influence of Classical Sculpture

Renaissance sculpture was heavily influenced by classical Greek and Roman art. Artists studied and replicated the forms and ideals of ancient sculptures.

Characteristics

• Use of various materials: marble, bronze, ceramic, and wood.
• Expansion of themes: Mythological, historical, and portraiture subjects were introduced alongside traditional religious themes.
• Two main forms:
  1. Sculptures in the round: Freestanding sculptures viewable from all angles.
  2. Reliefs: Sculptures carved on flat surfaces.
• Pursuit of ideal beauty: Artists emphasized anatomical accuracy and harmonious proportions based on the study of the human body.

The Quattrocento (15th Century)

• Florence as the leading center.
• Notable artists:
  • Ghiberti:

Renaissance

The foremost characteristic of the Renaissance is the rebirth of the classics (Greece and Rome).

If during the Middle Ages God was at the center of everything, now it is the contrary. Humans are at the center of everything (anthropocentrism).

Reasoning, not faith, is what guides life.

Art is seen as an end in itself (not something to please God) and its goal is to achieve the ideal form of beauty based on the harmony and proportions found in nature.

All artistic expressions found inspiration in old Rome. The only exception was music, which had to find its own style far from medieval music.

Melody

• It refers to the way notes are written horizontally on the score, how they are performed one after the other.

Harmony

• It refers to the way notes

Ancient Greek Music

Time passed, and Mediterranean culture became dominant in the ancient world, particularly in Greece. Greek mathematicians and scientists discovered patterns and created formulae to define them. This explains how Greeks approached music, from a very mathematical perspective, but also a religious one.

• Apollo

  Music was originated from the god Apollo. Music influenced human actions and thoughts. It was believed that music could cure illnesses and modify behaviors.

• Discoveries

  Pythagoras discovered some basic intervals. Later on, they discovered different effects on the listener. The Greek world agreed that music should be an important part of education.

• Orpheus and Eurydice

  Orpheus was a poet and musician, a great master of the lyre,

Baroque Era Art

It is more accurate to discuss art from the Baroque era rather than Baroque Art itself.

The Baroque period encompasses artistic styles from approximately 1590 to 1750.

During this time, various styles coexisted and evolved over the decades.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

The Council of Trent was a conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theologians convened to discuss and settle matters of church doctrine.

The organization of the council was a reaction to the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther.

Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther, a professor in Saxony, posted his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenberg church in 1517.

He called for changes in the church's practices, such as ending the sale of indulgences....

Characteristics of Baroque Music

Vocal Music in the Baroque Period

Opera

Overture

Recitative

Poetry Reference Tables: Forms, Rhyme, and Structure

Common Types of Poem (Forms)

• Diamante: A 7-line, diamond-shaped poem that follows a pattern using specific parts of speech.
• Haiku: An unrhymed poem consisting of 3 lines and 17 syllables (5, 7, 5). It typically describes something in nature.
• Acrostic: The first letters of the lines of this poem spell out the topic or title of the poem.
• Cinquain: An unrhymed, 5-line poem. Each line has a set number of words or syllables and a specific function.
• Couplet: A pair of lines that rhyme. It may be complete in itself or may be part of a longer poem.
• Limerick: A humorous 5-line poem, often consisting of 13 beats, following the AABBA rhyme scheme.
• Quatrain: A 4-line poem. Common rhyme schemes include AABB,

Baroque Literature

The Baroque was a cultural movement that developed in Spain and throughout Europe in the 17th century.

Political and religious crises, the Spanish empire ravaged by hunger and military misery. Diderot begins by contrasting the decadent splendor of literature and arts.

The rise of beauty, this class impulse defended their privileges and their values: absolute monarchy, obsession with purity of blood, social stagnation, and a return to traditional religiosity. This era is reflected in theater.

A disillusioned vision of existence, this pessimistic conception of life was manifested in literature in the constant presence of subjects such as death and the transience of life and its inconsistency, expressed in terms of topics such as...

20th Century Music: A Transformation

20th-century music transformed into a variety of styles and currents, breaking the unity of language for a new world of sound relations. Key movements include:

Romanticism

Romanticism used music to express subjective and subtle emotions through modal melodies, independent chords, and a large, colorful timbre.

Impressionism

Impressionism, a typical French movement, used music to evoke moods and atmospheres.

Expressionism

Expressionism sought to express the most heartbreaking emotions through atonal music and sprechgesang-laden dissonance.

Early Vanguard Movements

Futurism

Futurism introduced noise and machine sounds into music.

Dadaism

Dadaism rebelled against all established forms of art.

Twelve-Tone Technique

The twelve-...