Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Primary education

Passive Voice: Transforming Sentences

Examples of Passive Voice Sentences

1. The garages in my street are cleaned by us every day.
2. A lot of money has been given to him (by someone).
3. Two hundred people were arrested by the police.
4. The words were written by Paul and the music was made by John.
5. Every car engine is checked by us thoroughly.
6. This computer is exported by us to seventy different countries.
7. The factory was opened (by us) at nine o’clock.
8. Two million books are sent (by them) to America every year.
9. Two million books are sent by Macmillan to America every year.
10. It is thought that the world’s climate is changing.
11. It is said that car prices will rise next year.

Vocabulary: Health and Illness

1. Complete the sentences with the best options:

• Ruth had a

The Psychology of Space

1. 1c, 2a

2. T T

1. There had been little research on the psychological effects of the buildings we live and work in.
2. Architects should take into account not only the appearance of a building, but also the health of the people who use it.

1. Aspects
2. Recover
3. Risk
4. Take into account

Where Am I?

1. A, 2c

2. T F

1. …animals with amazing navigational skills.
2. …they can't rely on maps and a GPS to help them navigate.

1. Disorientation
2. Landmarks
3. Skills
4. Vast
5. Environments

Good Things Come to Those Who Wait

1. b, 2, c

2. T F

1. In order to help them reach their goals.
2. The writer believes that if we can control our impulses, it can be an important tool for achieving success.

1. Make it
2. Held out
3. Founded
4. Allow

Noise Matters

1. B 2C

2. T F

1. Because they dislike being forced to

Syllabic Consonants

A syllabic consonant occurs when a consonant, typically l, r, or a nasal, functions as the nucleus of a syllable instead of a vowel. This is often indicated with a small vertical mark (ˌ) beneath the consonant. For example, the word 'cattle' can be transcribed as /kaetlˌ/.

Strong and Weak Syllables

Weak syllables differ from strong syllables in vowel characteristics. Vowels in weak syllables tend to be shorter, of lower intensity, and qualitatively different. For example, in the word 'father,' the second syllable is weaker than the first; it is shorter, less loud, and contains a vowel that typically does not occur in strong syllables. Weak syllables can also occur in word-final position with a coda, such as in the word 'open'...

Nice (Bonic)

Opposites

Sympathetic (Comprensiu), Cruel, Kind (Amable), Ruthless (Despietat), Selfish (Egoista), Mean (Garrepa), Honest, Generous, Vain (Vanidoso), Helpful (Servicial), Sincere.

Verbs

To Share (Compartir), To Lie (Mentir), To Cheat (Enganyar), To Care About (Preocupar-se), To Grab (Agarrar), To Admire (Admirar), To Hurt (Fer mal).

Adjectives

Early-Late, Hard-Soft, Alive-Dead, Slow-Fast, Near-Far, Thick-Thin, Narrow-Wide, Weak-Strong.

People

A Lame (Un Coix), A Deaf (Sord), A Dumb (Mut), Scarface (Cicatriz Cara), Rode (Muntar), Greedy (Golut), Proud (Orgullós).

Nouns

Pride (Orgull), Customers (Clients), Fool (Estúpid), Sunrise (Amanecer), Sunset (Ponerse el sol), Ski Lift (Telefèric), Waste Material (Sobras), Rubbish/Refuse/Trash (Basura)...

II- Processes Relevant to Drug Therapy: Pharma/PK/PD

Drug Phases:

• Phase 1 (Pharmaceutical Phase): Drug taken orally becomes soluble, allowing it to pass through biological membranes. This phase is absent in subcutaneous, IM, and IV administration.
• Phase 2 (Pharmacokinetic Phase): Involves absorption (primarily through the small intestine), distribution, metabolism (biotransformation, mainly in the liver), and excretion.
• Phase 3 (Pharmacodynamic Phase): Refers to the biological or physiological response to the drug.

Pharmaceutics Phase (Dissolution):

This is the initial stage of drug action and involves two steps:

• Disintegration: The breakdown of tablets into smaller particles.
• Dissolution: The dissolving of these smaller particles into gastrointestinal

Dialogue 12: Currency Exchange

12.

A: Hello. What can I do for you?

B: I’d like to exchange €300 for British pounds, please.

A: Can I see some ID, please?

B: Sure. Here’s my passport. What’s your exchange rate?

A: It’s £0.85 per euro. So €300 comes out to £255.

B: Would you like large banknotes or small ones?

A: I’d like a hundred of that in fives, tens and fifties, please. And could you give me some coins as well?

B: Of course. Here you are. Is there anything else I can help you with?

A: Yes… How much do you charge for cashing traveller’s cheques?

B: There’s no fee for that.

A: Great. Can you cash these, please?

B: €20, of course.

Dialogue 11: Car Rental Reservation

11.

A: Hello, Premier Car Rentals. How can I help you?

B: Hello. My...

Prosthetic Covering Areas

Primary (maxilla: palatal vault, retromolar tuberosity; Mandible: retromolar trigone, masseter and buccinator insertion, sublingual area). Secondary (alveolar process in PM and M area)

Preprosthetic Preparation

Non-surgical treatment: take a break from dentures; use tissue conditioners (hydroalcoholic resins, plastic, resilient, soft; non-irritant/non-toxic; liner over resin/hard prosthetic base; good recovery of irritated tissues by providing stability and uniform force distribution). Characteristics (low EM; dimensionally stable; good detail reproduction; deforms to compression; temporary material; aids retention; fungal atmosphere)

Patho Related to CD

Prosthetic Stomatitis - bad denture adaptation, poor oral hygiene,...

Common English Idioms and Phrases

Idioms with Meanings and Examples

Put Your Foot in Your Mouth

Meaning: To say something foolish, embarrassing, or hurtful by accident.

Example: I put my foot in my mouth when I called my brother's new wife by his ex-wife's name.

Cost an Arm and a Leg

Meaning: To be very expensive.

Example: It cost me an arm and a leg to get my car fixed.

Get Off My Back

Meaning: Stop bothering or criticizing me.

Example: Stop telling me what to do. Get off my back!

Give Someone the Cold Shoulder

Meaning: To ignore someone or treat them in an unfriendly way.

Example: I saw my ex-girlfriend at a party, but she wouldn't talk to me. She gave me the cold shoulder.

Feel Weak at the Knees

Meaning: To feel nervous, frightened, or excited.

Example:

Medical Specialties and Their Functions

Paediatrics:

Deals with sick children.

Pharmacy:

Dispenses medicines.

Renal Unit:

Treats kidney diseases.

Obstetrics:

Specializes in pregnancy and birth.

Pathology:

Studies illnesses and analyzes samples.

Dermatology:

Treats diseases of the skin.

Surgery:

Performs operations on patients.

Physiotherapy:

Designs special exercises for patients.

Haematology:

Studies blood disorders.

Orthopaedics:

Treats bones.

Cardiology:

Specializes in the heart.

Neurology:

Treats disorders of the nervous system.

Healthcare Professionals

• Anaesthetist
• Cardiologist
• Consultant
• Lab Technician
• Midwife

Medical Equipment and Instruments

X-ray Machine:

An imaging device used to view the inside of the body.

Scalpel:

A very sharp knife that is used for cutting through

Endocrine System Overview

Key glands involved in the endocrine system include:

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Testes (in males)
• Ovaries (in females)

Hormone Types and Examples

Steroid Hormones

Produced by:

• Testes and Ovaries (e.g., testosterone, estrogen)
• Adrenal Cortex (e.g., cortisol)

Polypeptide Hormones

Produced by:

• Pituitary Gland (e.g., Human Growth Hormone - HGH, Luteinizing Hormone - LH)
• Pancreas (e.g., insulin)
• Hypothalamus (e.g., Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone - GHRH)

Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

Produced by:

• Adrenal Medulla (e.g., epinephrine)
• Thyroid Gland (e.g., thyroxine)

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes

Cause: The pancreas fails to produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Signs &