Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Passive Voice Transformation Exercises

Practice converting active sentences into the passive voice with these corrected examples:

• 27. They give all newborn babies a vaccination in hospital: Vaccination is given to all newborn babies in hospital.
• 28. They are giving all the pupils injections against the flu: All the pupils are being given injections against the flu.
• 29. I waited patiently while they were examining Joe: Joe was being examined while I waited patiently.
• 30. The nurse will take your temperature: Your temperature will be taken by the nurse.
• 31. Only a doctor can prescribe this medicine: This medicine can be prescribed only by a doctor.
• 32. The medicine did not relieve my pain: My pain was not relieved by the medicine.
• 33. The water has trapped

Catalan-English Vocabulary Glossary

• Recordar: bring back / remind
• Exposar: exhibit
• Desmotivador: discouraging
• Desencadenar: set off
• Troncs: logs
• Exitosament: successfully
• Emmagatzemar: stored
• Pudor: stench
• Descuidadament: carelessly
• Provocar: trigger
• Suor: sweaty
• Impresionant: outstanding
• Comprar: purchase
• Alè: breath
• Pobrament: poorly
• Estat d'ànim: mood
• Prohibit: ban
• Objectiu: goal
• Inclus: even
• Estar a la moda: all the rage
• Cendrer: ashtray
• Precís: accurate
• Oloreta: weird smell
• Tentador: tantalising
• Subministrar: supplied
• Dur o difícil: tough
• Adequadament: properly
• Fer un bon acte d'ajuda: mouth-watering
• Desagradable: unpleasant
• Encantador: delightful
• Ficat: pumped into
• Actualment: currently
• Fundador: founder
• Agoixant: overpowering
• D'alguna manera: somehow
• Aparició: approached
• Meravellós:

If I could choose a place to live, it would be in El Puertito de Güímar. It is not a big town, with few inhabitants, although in recent years the population has increased. I love watching the dawn as the sun reflects in the water of the beach. I enjoy strolling along the avenue with my bike and breathing the fresh air with the smell of the sea.

I can go to the beach or the pool to bathe without the worry of searching for parking. Once you park your car, you forget everything because you can move from one side to another of the town by walking, biking, or skating. You can buy groceries in supermarkets or small shops. There is also a pharmacy, a bookstore, a bakery, and several restaurants.

But what I like most is when night comes. I like to...

Long-Term Diabetes: Consequences

• Neuropathy (damage to the nervous system)
• Nephropathy (kidney damage)
• Retinopathy (damage to the retina)
• Cardiovascular complications

Overnutrition and Obesity: Definitions and Causes

Overnutrition: a type of eating disorder caused by excessive intake of food as usual, which is higher than the nutritional needs of that person.

When is a person obese? A person is obese when body weight exceeds the normal by 20% or more.

Other factors in obesity: is due to hereditary factors (genetic), endocrine (glands in these disorders), metabolic or environmental (chemical reactions that occur in our cells).

Complications involved in obesity: hypertension, increased cholesterol, diabetes, myocardial infarction or stroke (overnutrition)...

Essential Vocabulary and Definitions

This reference list provides definitions for common words, phrasal verbs, and expressions, organized alphabetically.

A - C Terminology

-B.M- Awake: Asleep

(Antonym pair)

Ahead

In front.

A Lift

When a lorry takes somebody (a ride).

Argument

Disagreement, quarrel.

Ad

Say something else.

Average

Medium.

A While

A short time.

Almost

Nearly.

Afraid

Frightened.

Boss

Superior.

Breathe

Take air in and out.

Bump Into

Come against with a blow or strike.

Counter

Flat surface served in a bar or shop.

Close

Near.

Cheerio

Goodbye.

Chance

Opportunity.

Corridor

Long, narrow passage.

Close Together

Next to each other.

Carry On

Continue.

Caretaker

Person in charge of the upkeep of a building.

Crowd

A lot of people together.

Chase

Run after.

Crash

Fall or strike violently.

Cardiovascular Disease: Causes, Treatments, and History

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are largely caused by lifestyle factors, including:

• Poor diet
• Lack of exercise
• Excessive stress
• Tobacco use (snuff)

Understanding Cardiovascular Disorders

CVDs are a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. These include alterations in:

• The heart muscle itself
• Valves
• Vessels that carry blood to the heart and brain
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Heart attacks and strokes are typically caused by a blockage of blood circulation to the heart or brain. This blockage often results from the narrowing of arteries and veins due to the accumulation of fat (known as atheroma or cholesterol plaques) in their walls, hardening them.

The History and Role of Aspirin

The...

Common Kidney and Urinary System Disorders

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation that affects the glomeruli. It is typically caused by an immune reaction to a toxin released by streptococcal bacteria, which has infected another part of the body, usually the pharynx (throat). As a result, the urine contains many red blood cells and large amounts of protein.

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of one or both kidneys, affecting the nephrons and the renal pelvis.

Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder wall, usually caused by bacterial infections. The most common symptoms include a burning sensation during urination, urgency, and frequent urination.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic Syndrome is characterized...

1. Human Survival Across the Globe

Survival rates vary significantly depending on the country of residence, specifically between developed and underdeveloped nations.

• Developed Countries: Citizens often lead full lives with access to advanced medical care, vaccines, and sufficient resources to treat serious illnesses.
• Underdeveloped Countries: Many lack access to essential food, clean water, and basic medical treatments, making even minor illnesses difficult to manage.

2. Defining Health

True health is defined by living without disease, supported by a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate hydration. Unfortunately, sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition have led to rising rates of obesity in both children and adults.

3. Eradicating Illness

If...

WATER: Constitutes 70% of living beings (up to 98% in some organisms in the cell, 40% intracellular, 15% extracellular, and 8% in blood plasma). Freezing point: 0 °C. Boiling point: 100 °C. Density (liquid at 4 °C): 1 g/cm³. Gas: 0.

Anomalous characteristics:

• Solid is less dense than liquid.
• Dissolves polar substances, salts and many organic compounds; does not dissolve apolar substances.
• High specific heat and high dielectric constant.
• Thermal conductivity.
• High cohesion force and capillarity.
• High surface tension.
• Practically incompressible.

MINERAL SALTS: Functions in living beings: regulation of osmotic pressure (intervenes in transport through membranes; prevents hemolysis (cell rupture) and plasmolysis (cell shrinkage)), and pH regulation....

Causative Agent

Malaria in humans is caused by four species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Among these, P. falciparum is the most infectious and lethal.

Vector

The primary vector for malaria is the female Anopheles mosquito.

Description

Malaria is the most significant tropical parasitic disease globally, causing more deaths than tuberculosis. It has had a devastating impact on many developing countries, particularly in Africa, resulting in numerous fatalities, high medical costs, and significant loss of workdays.

Symptoms

• Attacks of fever
• Anemia
• Chills
• Joint pain
• Headaches

In cerebral malaria, infected red blood cells obstruct brain blood vessels, potentially damaging vital organs and often leading...