Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Law for Secondary education

Common Crime-Related Idioms

• Crime wave: A sudden increase in the amount of crime in an area.
• Pull a fast one: To trick or deceive someone.
• Face the music: To accept the unpleasant consequences of one’s actions.
• Do something by the book: To strictly follow the established rules.
• Get away with murder: To do something very bad without being punished.
• Bail out: To pay money to get someone out of jail.
• Serve/Do time: To spend time in prison.
• Catch someone red-handed: To catch someone in the act of doing something wrong or illegal.
• Crime spree: A series of crimes committed in a short period.
• Do a runner: To leave a place quickly to avoid punishment.
• Go straight: To stop being involved in criminal activities.
• Get off scot-free: To escape punishment for something.

-ISM

• Consumer - Consumerism
• Environment (adj) - Environmentalism
• Professional (adj) - Professionalism

-IST

• Biology - Biologist
• Optimism - Optimist
• Pacifism - Pacifist
• Physics - Physicist
• Piano - Pianist
• Race - Racist

-SHIP

• Citizen - Citizenship
• Friend - Friendship
• Member - Membership
• Relation - Relationship

-(E)TY

• Anxious - Anxiety
• Safe - Safety

-ITY

• Creative - Creativity
• Equal - Equality
• Generous - Generosity
• Popular - Popularity

-NESS

• Aware - Awareness
• Ill - Illness
• Kind - Kindness
• Lonely - Loneliness
• Weak - Weakness

-ENCE

• Confident - Confidence
• Different - Difference
• Intelligent - Intelligence
• Patient - Patience

-URE

• Literate - Literature

Four Variables of Administrative Procedure

There are four primary variables to consider within administrative law systems, divided between the initial phase and the judicial review phase.

Variables Within the Initial Phase

1. Combined-Function Agency vs. Separated Tribunal

• Combined-function agency: In some countries, the agency performs multiple roles. You must ask for a reconsideration within the same agency. Examples: United States, Spain, and Germany.
• Separated tribunal: You do not ask the same agency for reconsideration, but rather an independent tribunal. Examples: United Kingdom and other Common Law countries.

2. Adversarial vs. Inquisitorial Hearing Procedures

• Adversarial procedure: There is a judge where one party is the administration and

Essential Vocabulary List

• Profound: (profundo) Showing deep insight or understanding; going beyond what is obvious or easily seen.
• Apathetic: (apático) Having or showing little emotion or excitement; indifferent.
• Ineffable: (inexplicable) That cannot be expressed in words.
• Skeptical: (escéptico) Inclined to have doubt or doubts.
• Utilitarian: (utilitario) Designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive.
• Inept: (inepto) Without skill or aptitude for a particular task or assignment; maladroit.
• Parody: (parodia) A feeble or ridiculous imitation.
• Skirmish: (escaramuza) A minor dispute or contest between opposing parties.
• Discern: (discernir) To detect with senses other than vision.
• Fickle: (voluble) Easily rolling or turning.
• Apprehensive: (aprensivo)

International Treaties and Constitutional Challenges

If there are any doubts about the constitutionality in the conduct of the treaty, give full consideration to the court.

• The timing is important; the time when the consultation occurs is crucial because it's the right time to address the court.

No, not initially.

No, not one final time.

The Constitutional Tribunal (TC) is advised to act once the text is set but still without consent. A final text, but not the last, because it is not ratified. The site is requested to attend legitimate constitutional bodies.

The court shall not sentence or issue a statement. Why no sentencing? Because this is not a legal rule, since the state still has not given consent. We have a project or text that has been set...

Custom as a Legal Norm

Legal custom, a fundamental source of law, embodies established practices recognized as binding legal standards. Its unique characteristics distinguish it from codified law.

Key Features of Legal Custom

• Legal customs are considered true legal standards.
• Their origin is often extra-state, meaning they arise from societal practice rather than direct state enactment.
• They manifest through the continuous and consistent realization of specific conduct.

Elements Constituting Legal Custom

For a practice to be recognized as a legal norm, it must possess both external and internal elements:

• External Element (Usus): This refers to the repetitive and uniform performance of actions over an extended period. It's the observable, consistent

Legal Regulation and the Accessoriness Principle

Legal regulation: Monosubjective offenses are those in which the intervention of just one person is required for its commission.

The Principle of Accessoriness

The author executes the characteristic fact, while the participant is one who helps someone else to do so. It follows the principle of the "accessory nature of participation," since, as a form of intervention in the act of another, it is not entirely independent. The majority view understands that to allow participation, the fact must be both typical and unlawful.

Following the principle of accessory nature, the crime applied to the author and participants will be the same, even if the participant does not possess the subjective qualities...

Characteristics of Unlawful Aggression

Defining Unlawful Aggression

The characteristics of unlawful aggression are fundamental to the doctrine of self-defense. Aggression is defined as an intentional human behavior that:

• Includes both actions and omissions.
• Excludes dangers arising from animals or natural forces.
• Must affect personal legal interests (e.g., person or property).

Aggression must be real. When aggression exists only in the perpetrator's mind, it is termed putative self-defense, which is treated as a case of mistake of law (error of prohibition).

The Requirement of Illegitimacy

The aggression must also be illegitimate. This implies:

• It excludes threats of lawful actions (e.g., exercising a legal right).
• However, it includes defense against

Causes of Justification: Self-Defense Principles

Self-Defense: A Justification Principle

Self-defense shares with a state of necessity the factual existence of a conflict between two legal rights, where the legal system may sacrifice one to preserve the other. However, self-defense is distinguished by the fact that the conflict arises between the legal right of the attacker and that of the attacked. This gives it a greater scope of action compared to a state of necessity, where the subject acts to prevent harm for which "nobody is at fault."

Basis for Exemption from Punishment in Self-Defense

Self-defense is credited with a dual basis or function: self-governance and the protection of the law. Those who act in self-defense do not perform acts contrary...

All human beings exist because we possess dignity. Dignity is an inherent condition and moral value that cannot be seen but is deeply felt. Dignity encompasses the set of rights that humans possess simply by virtue of their existence: these are human rights. They are:

• Universal: All humans possess them, and we must recognize them in others.
• Inalienable: They can never be lost, and no one can revoke them.
• Un-transferable: We cannot give them away or cede them to anyone else.
• Required: We can demand that the laws of our country recognize human rights and that governments commit to defending their compliance.

They are also principles of legitimacy. Human rights embody the ideal of justice that human society should pursue.

In major religions, commandments...