Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Law for Baccalaureate

Adoption of Legal Personality

• Certification of a Negative Social Denomination

  Applying for a name that meets the requirements prohibiting established commercial names. The regulation prevents the coincidence of the name of two or more companies. Applications must be made to the Central Business Register for companies, and to the Cooperative Society Registration for cooperatives. It contains personal data of the applicant. If six months pass without registration, it is canceled.

• Opening a Bank Account

  For some companies, a minimum capital is required, which can be deposited into a current account, where appropriate. The financial institution will issue a certificate of deposit that will be delivered later to the notary.

• Articles of Association

  This

1. The 1931 Elections and the Provisional Government

On 12 April 1931, municipal elections were held in Spain with a high turnout, resulting in a victory for the Republican-Socialist coalition. Given the political situation, Alfonso XIII abdicated the crown and left the country for exile. In Madrid, representatives of the signatories of the Pact of San Sebastian formed a provisional government and proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931.

The provisional government called for elections to the Constituent Cortes on 28 June 1931 and implemented emergency measures to address the country's primary challenges. In Catalonia, on that same day, Lluis Companys proclaimed the Republic from the balcony of Barcelona City Hall. A few hours...

Doctrinal Principles of the Restoration

The sistema político of the Restoration was designed by Cánovas del Castillo and Sagasta. Cánovas possessed a deep knowledge of Spanish history and believed the nation required a specific vision. The doctrinal principles can be summarized as follows:

• The Internal Constitution: A synthesis between the old and the new, consisting of the dynasty, the monarchy, property, and freedom.
• Civilian Supremacy: The removal of the military from power, ensuring civilian control to foster peaceful coexistence among all political forces.

The Constitution of 1876

A commission was tasked with preparing the anteproyecto, and the Constitution was promulgated in June 1876. It resulted from a tight equilibrium between moderate...

The Reformist Biennium: 1931–1933

The period from 14 April 1931 to November 1933 marked a transformative era for the Second Spanish Republic, characterized by significant legislative efforts to modernize the state.

1. Religious Reformation

The state moved to separate from the Church and curb its influence. Key actions included:

• Expulsion of the Jesuits: The congregation was deemed too powerful.
• Legislative Restrictions: Laws were drafted to prohibit religious orders from participating in education, trade, and industry.
• Public Education: The government established thousands of public schools to combat high rates of illiteracy.

2. Army Reform

Manuel Azaña sought to demilitarize the regime, limiting the armed forces to external defense. Measures included:...

Understanding the Spanish Limited Company (SL)

Legal Framework and Definition

• The Limited Company (SL) is primarily regulated by Law 2/1995 of March 23 on Limited Companies and Law 7/2003 on New Limited Companies (SLNE).
• An SL is a company constituted by one or more partners, who can be either individuals or legal entities. It requires a minimum capital of €3,002.06, which is divided into shares, and features limited liability.
• The Limited Liability Company (SRL/SL) is a common legal form for businesses in Spain.
• Its regulations are flexible and adapted to current business needs.

Key Characteristics of the SL

• Limited Liability: The liability of partners is limited to the capital contributed; they are only liable for the capital invested.
• Capital

Extraordinary Board

The board may not meet all requirements initially established. Therefore, variations may occur in the Board of Directors at any time (Art. 96 TRLSA).

Universal Board

The Universal Board is validly convened and constituted to address any issue, provided that all capital is represented and those attending accept the meeting unanimously (Art. 99 TRLSA).

Board Administration

Administration may be entrusted to a single person or a group of people, such as a Board of Directors, where decisions are taken by absolute majority.

Shareholders

Shareholders are individuals or entities that own one or more shares of a company. By virtue of this ownership, they possess specific rights:

• Right to participate in the distribution of social benefits.

The Constitution of 1812

In effect during the periods 1812-1814 and 1820-1823, "La Pepa" presents a series of striking features:

• Its length (384 articles total).
• Its considerable influence.
• The enormous importance it attaches to the legislative power.

Its ideology is based on the defense of national sovereignty, separation of powers, and constitutional monarchy, the existence of a unicameral Cortes, the creation of a National Militia, and the remarkable momentum it attaches to education and freedom of printing and publication.

Royal Charter of 1834

In force between the years 1834 and 1837 and inspired by politician Francisco Martinez de la Rosa, this is a letter granting similar rights to that Louis XVIII had given to its French nationals in 1814....

The National Constituent Assembly

Members of the National Constituent Assembly had to enact legislation to abolish the old regime, but they also had to satisfy a people who defended the armed revolution and were protagonists of the political changes.

• First: It legally proceeded to abolish feudalism.
• Secondly: It adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

This document recognized the right of resistance against oppression and established the sovereignty of the nation as an expression of the general will. The Constitution defined a constitutional monarchy based on the division of powers:

• The Executive in the hands of the King.
• The Legislature held by the Assembly.
• The Judiciary exercised by free judges.

It established economic freedom...

Essential Political Terms and Government Systems

This document provides clear definitions for fundamental political terms, concepts, and forms of governance. Understanding these terms is crucial for comprehending political science and civic structures.

Monarchy

A form of state organization in which the power of popular sovereignty is held by a king, almost always hereditary.

Parliamentary or Constitutional Monarchy

A monarchy in which the government is accountable to the parliament.

Republic

A form of state organization in which its head is chosen for a determined period.

Federal Republic

A political system in which several states, possessing autonomy, are subject in certain cases to the decisions of the central government.

Dictatorship

A political regime...

Inspection of Work

The labor administration body monitors compliance with labor legislation. Inspections are initiated through:

• Own initiative
• Employer applications
• Higher-order directives
• Complaints from any individual

Inspectors may enter the workplace to investigate, revise, or suspend work that does not satisfy safety rules. They are authorized to issue warnings, order liquidations, or address obstructions.

Functions of Labor Inspectors

• Advising employees and employers on their rights and obligations.
• Mediating conflicts.
• Investigating violations within the company.
• Reporting workplace accidents.

Employee Rights in the Workplace

• Effective occupation.
• Promotion and professional training.
• Respect for privacy.
• Protection against harassment based on age, sex,