Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Secondary education

Causes of the Late 15th Century Transformation

• The era of discoveries and the application of great inventions (compass, gunpowder).
• The rise of Humanism.
• Columbus's discovery of America.
• The development of the bourgeoisie.

Cultural and Historical Facts of the 15th Century

The rougher forms of medieval life were refined, extending the bourgeois mentality, and culture became a feature of social distinction. Columbus's discovery of America marked a pivotal moment.

Characteristics of Castilian Popular Lyric

• Variety
• Depicts nature
• Repetition
• Puns
• Contrasts

Romances: Forms and Origins

New Romances

Romances written by cultured poets of the 15th and 17th centuries.

Old Romances

A collection of romances that were sung at the end of the Middle Ages.

Theories on Romance

1. Introduction: Contextualizing Machado's Work

The text originates from the Seville poet Antonio Machado (born 1875, died 1939). He spent his first eight years in Seville before moving to Madrid, where he published his first book, Solitudes (1903).

In 1907, Machado moved to Soria to teach French. There, he married Leonor Izquierdo in 1909. Inspired by his time in Soria, he began drafting Campos de Castilla, published in 1912 (with more poems reprinted in 1917). Tragically, his young wife died that same year, 1912. The grieving poet then moved to Baeza (Jaén), remaining there until he relocated to Segovia in 1919. In Segovia, he met his new love, the poet Pilar Valderrama, who would inspire the Songs to Guiomar, featured in the book New Songs...

The Novecentista Novel

The Novecentista novel is characterized by two main features: descriptive lyricism, which focuses on feelings, and the presence of non-fiction passages. In these works, the fundamental element is not the action but rather the reflection and portrayal of characters and their environments.

• Gabriel Miró was a writer of a lyrical character, with works such as The Bishop or Our Father, Saint Daniel.
• Ramón Pérez de Ayala evolved from realism to symbolism in works like Belarmino and Apolonio or Tigre Juan.
• Ramón Gómez de la Serna introduced the avant-garde in Spain and was the creator of greguerías. A greguería is a short, witty statement that combines humor and metaphor.

The Noucentista Essay

José Ortega y Gasset summarized...

Humanism and the Dawn of the Renaissance

1. Individualism and Progress: The era is defined by individualism, economic profit, and the growing importance of scientific and technological development, all driven by a profound desire for knowledge. 2. A Shrinking World: The world became smaller during this era of great discoveries and the practical application of significant inventions. 3. The Printing Press: The invention of the printing press made books cheaper and more accessible to the general public. 4. Classical Reevaluation: There was a renewed cultivation of literature and the fine arts, marking a return to Greco-Roman antiquity. Works were composed in both Latin and Romance languages.

The Reign of the Catholic Monarchs

5. Historical Milestones:

Pre-Hispanic Culture

Pre-Hispanic: Before the Spanish conquest, the ancient cultures of Peru developed rich traditions. The arrival of the Inca Empire was more important in the oral traditions of southern Peru, and their thoughts were recorded through quipus and quilcas. Writing and memory were sacred in those times.

Pre-Hispanic Literature: Before the arrival of the Spanish, literature had distinct forms:

• Anonymous literature: Authors did not sign their works, and they did not write about their own feelings. The work belonged to the whole community.
• Agrarian literature: Agricultural land and work were the main subjects.
• Oral literature: Knowledge was passed from parents to sons orally, through generations.

Quechua Language

Quechua: Official language...

The Legacy of Chivalry in Spanish Literature

The adventures of King Arthur's knights were imitated in Spain and gave rise to the genre known as books of chivalry.

Amadis of Gaul: The Quintessential Knight

The most important book of chivalry is Amadis of Gaul, written by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo and published in 1508. Amadis is a heroic knight who seeks adventure in a world populated by wizards, ladies, and castles. We have clear evidence regarding the love of Oriana. This work served as a model for other books, notably Don Quixote.

Educated Lyric Poetry: From Troubadours to Renaissance

The Rise of Troubadour Poetry (12th-13th Centuries)

Troubadour poetry was born in France in the twelfth century and reached its splendor in the thirteenth. It...

Literary and Linguistic Concepts

Werther: A Tragic Romantic Narrative

Werther is a character consumed by passionate love. He loves a woman who is already engaged to his friend, leading to immense unhappiness. Werther's violent love ultimately drives him to suicide. Their conflict stems from the impossibility of his love, as the woman he adores is committed to his friend, and he wishes for her happiness, not her suffering.

Understanding Text Types

Texts can be categorized based on their purpose and context:

• Everyday Social Relations Texts:

  • Rules
  • Instructions
  • Letters
  • Forms
  • Diaries
  • Forums
  • Advertisements

• Academic Life Texts:

  • Summaries
  • Schemes/Outlines
  • Projects

• Media Communication Texts (Press, Radio & TV):

  • News
  • Reports/Chronicles
  • Interviews
  • Essays
  • Columns

• Literary

The Mallorcan School: A Literary Legacy

The Mallorcan School refers to a group of poets from the island characterized by a style deeply linked to Greek and Latin classics, as well as the local poetic tradition. This group maintains connections with various movements, including Romanticism, Neoclassicism, Costumbrismo, Naturalism, Modernism, and Noucentisme.

Linguistic and Ideological Context

Writers of this school alternated between Catalan and Spanish. Their work is defined by several distinct characteristics:

• Ideology: Conservative, Catholic, rural, and traditional.
• Regionalism: A nationalist, dissident perspective distinct from the Catalan Principality.

Until 1936, the term "Mallorcan School" held two meanings:

• Broad sense: The global contribution

THE RENAISSANCE 1
• For Italian influence is nuueva use a metric (hendecasyllables and heptasilavos) and nuuevas estrofascomo the lira, the real octaba, triplets chains, whistles or the most important verse: (the sonnet is composed by 2 k and 2 quartets, trios) also I find new genres as the eclogue, elegy and ode.
• Love is the key issue but it is an impossible love d idealized.
• The nature, always idealized, appear as a confidant of the poet's feelings, k grieves or rejoices with it.
• The most characteristic feature of the style is simplicity and naturalness.
Garcilaso de la Vega
He was a distinguished soldier and poet. His work seems dedicated to Isabel Freire. D 4 is composed songs, an ode, an epistle, two elegies and 38...