Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Primary education

Modernism took place approximately between 1885 and 1915. It was both an attitude toward life and an artistic movement, primarily literary, that sought a complete renovation of formal expression, especially within the poetic field.

Genesis and Historical Roots

The movement emerged from the crisis of bourgeois consciousness and a general dissatisfaction with prevailing policies. Key factors include:

• Rejection of established poetry: A break from the status quo, with the notable exception of Bécquer.
• French Influence: The impact of Parnassianism and Symbolism.
• Spanish Influence: Traditional metrics and rhyme, particularly from Bécquer.
• American Influences: The works of Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman.
• Ancient Poets: Inspiration from Berceo, the Archpriest

1. Compare the personalities of Becky and Amelia, and include examples from the story that illustrated their similarities or differences.

Becky and Amelia have very different personalities. Becky is from a middle-class background and is very outgoing and open-minded, especially when compared to other women of her period. In contrast, Amelia comes from a rich family and is very shy.

Amelia has always had her life planned by her family. For example, her family planned her marriage with George Osborne, and Amelia has always been in love with him. On the other hand, Becky has always had to fend for herself. For example, she tries to find a good job and a rich husband.

2. In your opinion, how did Becky's background influence her behavior and the goals

Luis de Góngora

Góngora's work can be divided into traditional and Italianate minor poems, and major poems. He also wrote poems for other party elders.

Traditional Poems

• Romances: Dealing with diverse issues, these can be serious or farcical.
• Letrillas: These are compositions where the end of each verse is repeated as a refrain. The issues are often ludicrous, but religious themes are also present.

Italianate Poems

Sonnets

The theme of love, in line with Renaissance writers, appears in his sonnets. Later, sonnets with themes of disillusionment and poems of circumstance emerge.

Major Poems

• The Fable of Polyphemus and Galatea: A mythological subject told in octaves.
• Soledades (Solitudes): A long poem in four parts. It is written in silvas, and its theme

Infant Cycle of Rooms

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15th-Century Lyric Poetry

Courtly poetry refined the themes of this period, focusing on love, society, death, song, verse, and decir. Notable authors include Jorge Manrique, Juan de Mena, and the Marquis of Santillana.

The Epic Tradition

The chanson de geste is an epic written in verse, detailing the life of a famous figure who risks everything in battle.

Origins and Classifications

• Origins: French, Arabic, and Germanic influences.
• Traditional: Based on ancient poems.
• Individual: Poems attributed to a specific author.
• Neo-traditional: Recreations of earlier poems.

Evolution and Cycles

The genre evolved into romances, historical prose, and books of chivalry. The thematic cycles include:

• 1st Cycle: Don Rodrigo
• 2nd Cycle: Counts of Castile
• 3rd Cycle: The Cid
• 4th

Roman Monarchy and the 509 BC Transition to Republic

Foundation of Rome (753 BC)

In the 8th century BC, Rome began as a farming community on the seven hills by the Tiber River. It evolved under Etruscan and Greek influence but was not initially a unified state. Rome was formally founded on April 21, 753 BC, uniting Latin and Sabine communities under Etruscan dominance, with the legendary King Romulus. This foundation was a deliberate political act, establishing the Populus Romanus Quirites (the body of Roman citizens).

Structure of the Roman Monarchy

The King (Rex)

Under the monarchy, the king (rex) reigned with the perceived approval of the gods. He served as the supreme leader, warrior, priest, and judge. The basis of his reign was authority and...

The Hellenic Branch

The only extant language in this branch is Modern Greek.

Greek is one of the oldest Indo-European languages. Mycenaean dates from 1300BC. The Ancient Greek of Homer was written from around 700BC. The major forms were Doric (Sparta), Ionic (Cos), Aeolic (Lesbos), and Attic (Athens). The latter is Classical Greek.

The New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in a form of 1st Century AD Greek called Koine. This developed into the Greek of the Byzantine Empire. Modern Greek has developed from this.

Greek has three genders and four cases for nouns but no form of the verb infinitive. The language has its own script, derived from Phoenician with the addition of symbols for vowels. It is one of the oldest alphabets in the world...

The Classical Age of English Literature

The Eighteenth Century in England is called the Classical Age or the Augustan Age in literature. It is also called the Age of Good Sense or the Age of Reason. John Dryden belonged to the seventeenth century, but he was also included in the Classical or Augustan Age. Other great literary figures who dominated this age successively were Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.

The Three Periods of the Classical Age

The Classical Age is divided into three distinct periods: the Ages of Dryden, Pope, and Johnson.

The Age of Dryden and the Restoration

Dryden was the dominating and most representative literary figure of the Dryden Age. The literature of the Restoration Period emphasized directness and simplicity of expression,...

Joshua's Conquest of Canaan: Campaigns and Tribal Inheritance

Understanding Nefesh and Neshama in Context

The concepts of Nefesh and Neshama are often discussed in relation to the nature of life and soul, particularly in the context of the commands given during the conquest:

• Nefesh: Associated with animals; refers to the basic life force. In the context of conquest, it implies the killing of those who stood in the way.
• Neshama: Associated with humans; refers to the higher soul or spirit. In the context of conquest, it implies the command to eliminate all human inhabitants of Canaan.

Joshua's Campaigns and the Conquest of Canaan

The Book of Joshua details the Israelite conquest of the land of Canaan, led by Joshua, fulfilling the divine commands given...

Literary Genres

Epic (Narrative)

• Format: Written, told, or read.
• Special Feature: Facts are narrated.
• Expressive Resources: Description and narrative prose.
• Structure: Chapters, paragraphs, and episodes.
• Purpose: To convince the reader of the reality of the facts.
• Common Forms: Epic, novel, legend, and story.

Dramatic

• Format: Written for dramatic performance.
• Element: Action and existing conflict.
• Expressive Resources: Prose, verse, monologues, and dialogue.
• Structure: Acts and scenes.
• Purpose: To provoke discussion of the conflict.
• Common Forms: Tragedy, farce, comedy, and drama.

Lyric (Poetry)

• Format: Written to be read or sung.
• Element: Expression of emotions and feelings.
• Expressive Resources: Verse and poetic figures.
• Structure: Verse and stanzas.
• Purpose: