Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Other courses

Baroque Lyricism in the 17th Century

Features

• The artist seeks original creation, leading to the admiration of the reader.
• Tends towards balance, exaggeration, and the expression of strong contrasts.
• Nature and harmony are not considered a reflection of divine order.

Themes

• Love: Inspired by the Petrarchan ideal, but often appears with a tone of despair.
• Nature: No longer seen as an ideal world, an image of the divine, but used simply as a decorative background.
• Mythological Legends: Become topical and are used continuously, sometimes mechanically.
• Disappointment: Fear of the transience of time and pessimistic thoughts about death. Avoids ordinary burlesque.

Culteranismo

Seeks to impress the reader by using exaggerated language and literary devices....

Spain during this period was under an authoritarian government led by Francisco Franco. It created a one-party structure that brought together the victors. This led to a temporary isolation of the country. However, Spain was accepted into the UN in the early 1950s, an event that marked a breakthrough.

Novels written by exiled authors showed nostalgia for the lost homeland. Prominent authors of this time include:

• Francisco Ayala: His works, such as *The Usurpers* and *Death of a Dog*, and *At the Bottom of the Glass*, all share a common theme: the Civil War.
• Max Aub: Leaning towards realism, he wrote *Valverde's House* and *Fields*, also with the Civil War as a theme.
• Ramón J. Sender: His work *Requiem for a Spanish Peasant* depicts the relationship

Origins of Spanish Epic Poetry

Spanish Epic Poetry originated from cantares de gesta, which recount the exploits of the greatest medieval heroes. Its main characteristic is oral tradition. Many of these important works have unfortunately disappeared.

These poems were spread by juglares (minstrels). The cantares de gesta present the following characteristics:

• They are anonymous poems.
• They were widely circulated, often in irregular series, maintaining a consistent assonance or rhyme scheme, which could vary with different versions due to oral transmission.
• The lines are long (between 10 and 16 irregular syllables), with assonance rhyme, divided into two hemistichs.
• They were destined to be recited and sung.

These works are more like sung poems, recounting...

Jorge Manrique: Nobleman and Poet

Jorge Manrique was a nobleman and soldier who aspired to be a prominent figure in aristocratic society. He cultivated poetry in his spare time, focusing on themes of courtly love (repeating topics, vocabulary, and poetic forms) and moral burlesque. His most famous work, Coplas por la muerte de su padre, consists of forty stanzas, each a pair of six-line stanzas (sextillas) with a specific broken rhythm (pie quebrado). These poems exhibit medieval features while also heralding the Renaissance.

Coplas por la Muerte de su Padre

The Coplas meditate on the passage of time, the fleeting nature of worldly possessions, and the equalizing power of death.

Key Themes in the Coplas

The work explores several interrelated themes:...

Prepositions of Time: IN, ON, AT

• IN: *in the afternoon*, *in December*, *in summer*, *in 1998*
• ON: *on Friday*, *on the 12th of July*, *on my birthday*
• AT: *at 3 o'clock*, *at midday*, *at night*, *at New Year's*

Family Vocabulary & Possessive Nouns

• Family Members:
  • Cousins (primo/a)
  • Aunts (tía)
  • Uncles (tío)
  • Nieces (sobrina)
  • Nephews (sobrino)
• Saxon Genitive (Possessive 's):
  • *Charles's brother*
  • *The brothers' car*

Possessive Adjectives & Demonstratives

• Possessive Adjectives:
  • *His* (él)
  • *Her* (ella)
  • *It's* (it is) vs. *Its* (possessive)
• Demonstratives:
  • *This* (cerca, singular)
  • *That* (lejos, singular)
  • *These* (cerca, plural)
  • *Those* (lejos, plural)

Articles and Plural Noun Rules

• Articles:
  • *A* (singular, before consonant sounds)
  • *An* (singular, before vowel sounds:

The Roman Senate

The Senate was an institution born in the monarchic period. It was composed of 300 patricians with life tenure. This body confirmed laws and managed matters relating to external relations, religious affairs, and territorial and military concerns. Senators were responsible for overseeing tax collection and the supervision of the consuls.

Magistrates and Executive Power

Magistrate offices were occupied by two people (collegiality), providing the right to veto each other to prevent the abuse of power. They were elected by the Assemblies and held two important powers: the power of governance (the ability to enforce laws) and the imperium (the authority to command the army and collect taxes).

Key Magistrate Roles

• Consuls: They could

Neoclassicism: Reason and Didacticism in 18th Century Spain

Neoclassicism was a prominent artistic movement of the eighteenth century, deeply influenced by the Enlightenment. In this era, reason predominated over the senses, and literature adopted a strong didactic purpose, with the critical essay gaining significant prominence. The prevailing style was simple, valuing good taste and clarity.

Lyric Poetry in Neoclassicism

Neoclassical lyric poetry was characterized by being neither original nor overtly emotional. Instead, it valued didactic and utilitarian poetry. Juan Meléndez Valdés stands out as the poet who best summarized the neoclassical Anacreon, also addressing social issues in his works.

Prose: Modern Language and Social Critique

The...

Roman Theater: Origins and Characteristics

Theater emerged in Rome after the epic period and just before the lyric period. Although several theatrical genres were cultivated, comedy was the most triumphant. Representative authors of Roman comedy include Plautus and Terence.

Roman Comedy: Influences and Types

Roman comedy draws heavily on Greek comedy, adapting themes and character types to Roman customs. Different types of comedy include:

• Fabula Palliata: Characterized by a Greek setting. Actors wore the Greek costume, called pallium in Rome.
• Fabula Togata: Featured a Roman setting and characters dressed in the Roman toga.

Plays could be classified as:

• Motoriae (busy)
• Statariae (calmer)
• Mixtae (a combination of both)

Plautus: Master of Roman Comedy

Plautus...

Work and Career Vocabulary

• apply for a place (v) – solicitar una plaza
• appoint (v) – nombrar
• become an apprentice (v) – convertirse en aprendiz
• commission someone to do something (v) – encargar a alguien que haga algo
• full-time job (n) – trabajo a tiempo completo
• graduate from (v) – graduarse de
• homeless shelter (n) – refugio para personas sin hogar
• internship (n) – prácticas
• low paid (adj) – mal pagado
• mentor an intern (v) – guiar a un becario
• part-time job (n) – trabajo a tiempo parcial
• permanent position (n) – puesto fijo
• placement (n) – práctica laboral
• supervise someone (v) – supervisar a alguien
• take on (a job) (phr v) – aceptar (un trabajo)
• temporary job (n) – trabajo temporal
• turn down (a job) (phr v) – rechazar (

Spanish Literature Overview

Poetry

Garcilaso de la Vega (1st Half of 16th Century)

Works: Sonnets, Eclogues (pastoral poems)
Themes: Love (lady's indifference, lover's pain), Nature (stylized setting for love complaints)
Style: Clear, simple, elegant, harmonious. Predominantly hendecasyllable verse, alliteration, musical hyperbaton.

Fray Luis de León (1st Half of 16th Century)

Prose:
Translations: Song of Songs
Original Works: The Perfect Wife
Poetry:
Translations: Passages from the Book of Job
Original Poems: Less than 40, mostly lyrical compositions with varied themes and structures.
Themes: Nature, longing for country life, night's music (influenced by Beatus Ille)
Style: Lira verse, hyperbole, alliteration, hyperbaton, metaphor, personification. Frequent...