Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Other courses

European Avant-Garde Movements (1885–1930)

Futurism (Italy)

Futurism: Futurism emerged in Italy; it first appeared in literature and then spread to other arts. Its features are:

• An exaggerated patriotism exalted.
• Celebration of machinery and technological advances.
• It is characterized by modernity, promoting the value of machinery and speed.

Themes: speed, factories, locomotives and similar motifs are central. Representative figure: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

Expressionism (Germany)

Expression: Expressionism emerged in Germany around 1910. Expressionism is a way to protest and defend individual identity; after the First World War many refused to rejoin a society that had failed to protect ideals of peace.

Features:

• Prose and poetry that strongly express

Spanish Theater: Early 20th Century Developments

In 1900, the taste favored teatro chico (short plays). The genre of gender was depleting its resources and fragmented into burlesques and operettas, with canción occupying a preponderant position. The large genre was bourgeois comedy, represented in the works of Echegaray. The modern style in theater began with Jacinto Benavente (vested interests).

Decline of Modernism and G98 Renewal

The decline of modernism saw the triumph of the Spanish historical theater near the tradition of Villaespesa and Marquina. By the end of the first decade of the century, the Generation of '98 (G98) led the need for a theatrical renewal. An author was Unamuno, who addressed the same themes in his works as in his novels:...

Don Quixote: Cervantes' Masterpiece

Don Quixote is the most important work by Miguel de Cervantes and is universally recognized. The novel is divided into two distinct parts.

Part One: The First Two Exits

• First Exit: Don Quixote, a gentleman driven mad by reading books of chivalry, prepares old, rusty weapons that belonged to his grandparents. Riding his horse, he leaves his home in search of adventures to undo wrongs. He arrives at an inn that his imagination transforms into a castle; he is knighted in a ridiculous ceremony and, after several adventures, returns to his village battered and beaten.
• Second Exit: Don Quixote leaves home again, this time accompanied by a poor neighbor who serves as his squire, Sancho Panza. Don Quixote promises him

Classification of Medieval Poetry

• Epic: Compositions derived from Castilian or Carolingian epics, featuring characters from the Court of Charlemagne.
• Lyric: Themes centered on romance and love in all its manifestations.

The Romancero

The romance began to be gathered in printed collections known as romanceros.

• Old Romances: Texts from oral tradition, therefore anonymous.
• New Romances: Ballads written by known authors with an artistic purpose.

Mester de Clerecía

In the thirteenth century, a new wave of cultured poetry emerged. These works were didactic and moral in intent, dedicated to extending knowledge acquired from Latin texts.

Key Characteristics

• Form: Use of the cuaderna vía (stanzas of four lines of fourteen syllables, with a caesura dividing

Source of Modernism

Source of Modernism has been said that Modernism is the expression of the cultural and ideological crisis of the century that occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. The political and social situation in which writers live immerses them in circumstances with which they express their disagreement and rebellion, and in some cases (the Cuban José Martí) leads to political activism. In this malaise, fatigue joins artistic forms produced by the Realist movement—an eminently bourgeois movement—and the need to find a new style, more poetic and refined, that allows creative release and the rebellious spirit of the artist. American authors also perceived the need for ideological and aesthetic renewal in Spain and other places,...

1. Post-War Spanish Poetry (The 1940s)

Despite widespread poverty, poetry was the field that exhibited the greatest diversity and artistic wealth during this decade. Since many poets did not go into exile, Dámaso Alonso identified two basic approaches: rooted poetry (*poesía arraigada*) and up-rooted poetry (*poesía desarraigada*).

Key publications from this creative era include *Escorial*, *Caracol*, and *Garcilaso*.

Rooted Poetry (Poesía Arraigada)

This poetry is technically well-constructed and deliberately removed from existential problems and contemporary issues. It represents a perfect, beautiful world, often cultivating the sonnet form.

Poets grouped around two main magazines:

• Escorial (1940): Focuses on a return to everyday life, family

Topic 3: The School of Mallorcan Poetry

Characteristics: Balance between classicism and romanticism. Use of formal metrics and regular classical forms, with a neo-romantic influence. Themes of interiorized nature, feelings and expressed emotions. Mon poetry: valuation of Classical authors.

Influences: Horace, Ovid and Prudentius. Satirical authors who convey poetic production in Castilian (youth) and Catalan (adulthood). Connections with Noucentista writers from Barcelona and their influence.

Miquel Costa i Llobera

(Pollença 1854 – Palma 1922)

• Moved to Barcelona, then again to Madrid in 1875.
• After two years, in 1885, he went to study ecclesiastical subjects.
• 1888: ordained as a priest.
• 1890: returned to Mallorca.
• He is considered a Noucentista era

Changes in the Renaissance

Shifting Worldview

• A change in attitude toward death emerged; the focus shifted to enjoying life: Carpe Diem.
• City-states were born and rose, where the bourgeoisie (craft and trade) lived.
• Cathedrals and universities were built; culture became widespread.
• Handling money began; an anthropocentric system replaced the previous one.
• Religion became secondary to earthly life and material matters.

Renaissance Poetry: Themes and Forms

Italian Origins

Renaissance poetry began in Italia. The great authors were Dante and Petrarch, with love as the principal theme. New forms included the sonnet and the lira, employing new metaphors. Other themes included love, beauty, and nature.

Religious Poetry

Religious poetry can be divided into:

• Ascetic:

Lyric Poetry: An Overview

Lyric poetry was originally sung to the accompaniment of the lyre. The term 'lyric' encompasses many different subjects and metric forms, but is characterized by a personal and subjective approach. Common forms include the ode or carmen. Early examples include anthem lyrics and the hymns of the Arval Brothers.

Catullus

The first lyric poets are found within the circle of Catullus, the 'new' or 'neoteric' poets. Their compositions are short, technically perfect, and formally and stylistically beautiful.

Catullus settled in Rome and became involved with Clodia, a beautiful woman who inspired a violent passion and bitter disappointment in Catullus. This relationship provided inspiration for his poetry, in which she appears...

History of Catalanism and Catalan Nationalism

Origins and the Renaixença

Catalanism: Catalanism originated in the mid-nineteenth century from a cultural and literary movement known as the Renaixença, which sought the recovery of the Catalan language and the hallmarks of Catalan culture. Initially, this movement had no explicit political aspirations or projects.

Valentí Almirall and Centre Català

In the late nineteenth century the figure of Valentí Almirall emerged. A disappointed Federal Republican, he is considered one of the fathers of Catalanism because he was the first to formulate clear catalanist policies. In 1882 Almirall founded the Centre Català to pursue some form of self-government.

In 1885 he wrote the Memorial of Grievances, presented...