Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

Dotadots

Reading

1. False "They are easily transportable and difficult to trace."
2. True "By checking an online register, police are able to identify owners of the stolen items once they have been recovered."
3. False "Identification numbers are not new."
4. False "One particular product."

Lexicon

• possess --- own
• moveable --- transportable
• decreased --- fallen
• lifeless --- inanimate

Phonetics

1. personal, permanent
2. mobile
3. developed

Use of English

1. "My iPod was stolen last night," Sue said.
   Sue said that her iPod had been stolen the night before/the previous night.
2. The dots can even be incorporated into thread.
   It is even possible to incorporate the dots into thread. / For the dots to be incorporated into thread.
3. Car theft in Australia has fallen dramatically.
   There has been a

Understanding Story and Text

The distinction between a story and a text is fundamental in literary analysis.

What is a Story?

A story is a recounting of a sequence of events. It is an account or recital of an event or a series of events, either true or fictitious. In a narrative or dramatic work, it refers to the plot.

What is a Text?

A text is the representation of written language. It can be another name for a literary work. In literary theory, "text" is a specific concept. It refers to the original words of something written or printed, as opposed to a paraphrase, translation, revision, or condensation. It can also refer to the words of a speech appearing in print, or the body of a printed work as distinct from headings, illustrative matter on...

Key Air Travel and Airport Terms

• Advantage: A detail that makes a product better than similar products.
• Air ticket (billete de avión): A ticket to travel in a plane.
• Baggage (equipaje): A suitcase used to carry personal possessions when traveling.
• Baggage reclaim (recogida de equipajes): The place at an airport where you collect your luggage after your flight.
• Boarding pass/boarding card (tarjeta de embarque): A printed card that airline passengers are given when they check in, which shows their flight and seat number, etc., and that they show before they get on the plane (ticket entitling passenger to board).
• Budget airline (aerolínea de bajo coste): An airline that is cheaper than most airlines and that usually offers a more basic service. Also

The Literary Evolution of Valle-Inclán

The literary evolution of Ramón del Valle-Inclán bridges the gap between Modernism and the Generation of '98 through a fluid, evolutionary process. He excelled in three genres—narrative, poetry, and drama—without sharp boundaries, establishing himself as a prolific innovator. His production is categorized into three primary cycles:

1. The Mythic Cycle

This period features two essential trilogies:

• Comedias Bárbaras: Set in a mythical, timeless Galicia, this work depicts strange characters and violent figures using heartbreaking, brutal language.
• Divinas Palabras (1920): A drama returning to the rural Galician environment, characterized by deformity, brutality, and emotional intensity, incorporating early

The Oedipus Complex: Definition and Resolution

According to psychoanalysis, from ages 3 to 6, children face the phallic stage. In this phase, the Oedipus complex appears in children, named after the Greek myth in which Oedipus unknowingly kills his father and marries his mother. For Freud, early in life, babies are joined in a symbiotic relationship with their mother and feel all the affection of the mother is for them. Until age two, they believe the mother is exclusively theirs, but from the moment they see a rival taking the love they seek exclusively from the mother—the father—a triangular relationship begins. In this dynamic, the child feels parental aggression yet fears being punished for it.

The child, in their fantasy, "feels that...

Likelihood: Resembles the real, credible.

Industrial Revolution Context: Characterized by wealth accumulation and poor working conditions. The primary reader was the Bourgeoisie.

Mimesis: A copy or imitation of reality.

Influence of the Scientific Method: Emphasis on observation.

This genre was widely produced and read, characterized by its capacity for detailed descriptive narrative.

Key Characteristics of Realism

1. Careful and detailed observation.
2. Description of the environment, customs, and characters (from different social classes).
3. Effect of objectivity.
4. Standard of plausibility (the narration can occur in extra-textual reality).
5. Intent: To contribute to social change.
6. Inclusion of voices belonging to different classes.

Narrative Techniques

Direct Speech:

Analysis of Opinion Journalism Articles

We are examining a text of opinion journalism, specifically belonging to the genre known as the article. This genre is characterized by the inherent subjectivity and freedom afforded to the writer. The text is expository-argumentative in nature, often employing language close to humanistic discourse.

Characteristics of the Article Genre

The central theme of the article is [Theme context missing].

Unlike the editorial, the article is signed by its author, which immediately establishes the personal and subjective tone that defines this subgenre. In this specific text, this subjectivity is highlighted by:

• The continued use of the first-person verbal perspective [Examples missing].
• The use of connotative lexicon

Structural Characteristics of Social Networks

Size

The number of people in the network. Medium-sized networks are generally most effective.

• Minimal Networks: Less effective in situations of stress overload or long-term strain, as members may begin to avoid contact to prevent overloading or otherwise tend to become overloaded.
• Very Large Networks: At risk of inaction based on the assumption that "someone is already addressing the problem."

Factors affecting network size include migration, relocations, and the passage of time.

Density

The connection level between members, regardless of the informant.

• A medium density level supports maximum group effectiveness by allowing the collation of views.
• A high density network level promotes conformity among members.

Language Varieties and the Standard Model

Language exhibits many variations in its use. These varieties occur for several reasons:

• Diastractic varieties: Determined by social and cultural circumstances.
• Diaphasic varieties: Indicated by circumstances derived from the speaker's intention and the specific situation.
• Diatopic varieties: Related to different geographical areas.

The standard language (the ideal language) is considered the model that all speakers must know and use. It represents the set of rules that are considered correct.

Characteristics of Learned Language

The learned language represents a higher degree of adherence to the standard language. Its main features include:

• Correct pronunciation: Avoiding phonetic vulgarisms.
• Structured syntax:

Features of "Sar By the Shores"

The main feature of this collection by Rosalía de Castro is its strictly intimate nature. In it, the author's gaze turns almost exclusively inward toward her own mind; the outside world almost disappears or is reduced merely to serve as a term of reference or comparison to the self. Thus, nature, the environment, and the world in general will serve to confirm her irremediable loneliness, decadence, populated only by memories, nostalgia, and pain—all that is characteristically romantic melancholy. This subjectivism and melancholy are completed by a gloomy vision of the world, seen from the perspective of a troubled and hopeless spirit. In vain, she attempts to reestablish contact with her youth by writing, retreating...