Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

Participants in the Tourism Industry

• Visitors: Individuals with motivations for travel.
• The Destination: The host community.
• Government: Plays a crucial role in tourism development and promotion.
• Local People: View tourism as a factor for cultural exchange and employment.
• Travel Trade Intermediaries and Suppliers: Businesses providing tourist goods and services.
  • Travel Agents: Organize personal travel and accommodation for travelers. They offer services like hotels, cruise lines, railways, and package tour operators.
  • Wholesale Tour Operators: Develop and market package tours, often through travel agencies.
  • Tour Guides and Couriers: Travel with tourists and work to ensure travelers' needs are met.
  • Hotel Booking Agencies.
  • Destination Management Company

A value is an organized pattern. FALSE

A characteristic of a low-context culture is that messages are explicit and specific. TRUE

A few years ago, Philips Electronics developed a new consumer product. Innovators bought it, but early adopters didn't. FALSE

A massive effort was dubbed the "Moses Project" to prevent flooding. TRUE

A number of authors, journalists, and food critics have a sense of shame. TRUE

A vice-president of an American software company noted that customs, hierarchies, and the class structure of Korean culture have to be respected. TRUE

According to Geert Hofstede, which of the following is a key cultural dimension? Long-term orientation

According to Hofstede's research on cultural values, aesthetic elements are not a key dimension....

Timeliness

The speed at which an event is reported.

Currency

A story that is repeated by different types of media.

Proximity

Local news.

Prominence

Celebrity, famous people, places, or things.

Consequence

An event that has a significant impact, such as a hurricane.

Impact

The changes that occur as a result of a consequence.

Rarity/Novelty

Unusual stories.

Suspense

Mystery or suspense, where the outcome of the story is unknown.

Human Interest

Stories about human experiences, families, etc.

Progress

Exclusive stories with a connection to business, such as the discovery of a cure for cancer.

Conflict

People on opposite sides of an issue.

Controversy

When something unfair is happening.

Visual Potential

Stories generated by pictures.

Who, What, Why, When, Where, and How

The...

Becoming an Entrepreneur in Spain

To become an entrepreneur in Spain, an individual must be a natural person, emancipated, and at least 18 years old.

General Requirements for Entrepreneurs

If an individual from abroad wishes to become an entrepreneur in Spain, they will need a visa. For non-EU citizens, a special permit is required to establish residency. EU citizens, however, can register with social security and obtain a NIE (Número de Identificación de Extranjero).

Non-EU Citizens: Initial Steps

Non-EU citizens seeking to establish themselves as entrepreneurs must first consult with the Spanish consulate in their home country to discuss their intentions and obtain the necessary permissions.

Financial Requirements for Freelancers

To reside in...

Divert

To turn aside; veer

Influx

A flowing or pouring in.

Allot

To give or assign in shares, tasks, or portions.

Congregate

To come together; assemble, especially in large numbers.

Intricate

Difficult to follow or understand.

Unseemly

Not suitable; inappropriate or improper.

Tumult

Noisy excitement; an uproar or disturbance.

Staple

A basic food that is used frequently and in large amounts. A U-shaped fastener with sharp ends.

Humdrum

Lacking excitement; boring or monotonous.

Memento

Something kept as a reminder of a past event; a souvenir.

Query

A question; to ask or ask about.

Sporadic

Happening occasionally; not regularly.

Abet

To encourage or assist in some activity, especially a questionable one.

Agile

Able to move quickly and easily; nimble.

Balmy

Soothing, mild....

• Abandon vessel (abandonar el barco): To evacuate a vessel's crew and passengers following a distress.
• Adrift (a la deriva): Floating, not controlled, without a clearly determinable direction.
• Assembly station: A place on deck, in mess rooms, etc., assigned to crew and passengers where they have to meet according to the muster list when the corresponding alarm is released or announcement made.
• Backing (of wind): When a wind blows round anticlockwise (opposite of veering).
• Beach (to) (varar): To run a vessel upon a beach to prevent its sinking in deep water.
• Berth (amarradero): A sea room to be kept for safety around a vessel, rock, platform, etc., or the place assigned to a vessel when anchored or lying alongside a pier, etc.
• Blast: A sound signal

Essential Boating Safety Checklist

Before Fueling Your Boat:

• Dock boat securely.
• Passengers disembark.
• Check fuel lines and vents.
• Shut off engine.
• Shut off all fuel valves.
• Close windows and doors.
• After fueling, turn on ventilation system for 4 minutes.

Navigation Rules and Guidelines

Right of Way:

• Starboard: Refers to the right side of the boat.
• Power vs. Power: Both vessels keep to the right.
• Power vs. Sail: Power-driven vessel gives way to the sailing vessel.
• Crossing Situations (Power vs. Power): The vessel on the operator's left gives way.
• Overtaking: The vessel overtaking another is the give-way vessel.

Understanding Navigation Lights

• Nighttime: Red light indicates the left side of the vessel.
• Masthead Light: White light on all power-driven vessels.
• Only

Differences Between Synonyms

Bloomfield points out that complete synonyms do not exist. W. E. Collinson highlights the typical differences between synonyms.

Synonymic Patterns

Synonyms are organized according to two main principles, though there is also a third type:

The Double Scale: Saxon vs. Latin

The Saxon word is normally more spontaneous, informal, and unpretentious—warmer and homelier. The Latin word is normally longer and phonetically different. Example: Bodily – corporal; Answer – reply. Sometimes the native term is rarer and more literary than the foreign one. This can be explained through the history of the two words involved.

The Triple Scale: Native, French, and Latin or Greek

The native synonym is the simplest and most ordinary...

The Fatal

Topic

An anguished reflection on the pain of living and the human condition, contrasted with the certainty of death. The existential malaise characteristic of the fin de siècle crisis is a quintessential theme of Modernism.

Internal Structure

The poem is divided into four sections:

• vv. 1-4: Highlights the pain of human awareness compared to all other beings in creation. Formally, the verbs are in a timeless present.
• vv. 5-9: Expresses the fear of life's uncertainty in contrast to the certainty of death. Infinitives predominate, with verb forms projected into an uncertain and distressing future.
• vv. 10-11: Presents the two opposite poles of human life: life tempting us with its pleasures, and death awaiting as the supreme pain. Again, the