Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

Mastering Advanced English Vocabulary

Acquisitive - greedy / Acquit - find not guilty / Adduce - bring as proof / Allegiance - loyalty / Allot - assign / Altercation - heated fight / Anathema - something loathed / Anterior - situated in front / Annex - to add / Apparition - ghostly object / Appellation - a name / Apprise - inform / Armistice - truce / Arraign - to accuse / Arrant - bad (arrant fool) / Arrears - state of being in debt / Articulate - pronounce clearly / Ascribe - determine with certainty / Aspersion - slandering remark / Assail - attack vigorously / Astringent - severe / Atone - make amends / Augur - to be an omen / Auspices - support / Aversion - dislike / Barrage - concentrated attack / Bauble - inexpensive ornament / Behest...

Translation Theory Fundamentals: Key Concepts Assessment

1. Newman's Opposing Forces in Translation

   According to Newman, which are the main opposing forces which intervene in translation?

   • a. SL writer, SL norms, SL culture, and SL setting and tradition
   • b. SL writer, SL norms, SL culture, and SL setting
   • c. SL writer, SL norms, SL culture, and SL tradition
   • d. SL writer, SL culture, SL tradition, and SL setting

2. Nature of Translation: Identifying the False Statement

   Which of the following statements about translation is not true?

   • a. Translation is an art
   • b. Translation is a science
   • c. Translation is a matter of taste
   • d. Translation is a matter of fact

3. Source Text Comprehension Steps (Incorrect Step)

   The comprehension of the source text involves solving the following

Eleanitz: A Multilingual Education Project

ELEANITZ, meaning "multilingual" in Basque, is a project launched in 1991 to prepare students for a multilingual and multicultural Europe. It involves teaching Basque and Spanish, the region's official languages, and introducing English and French within a common methodological and curricular framework.

Eleanitz English, a component of this integrated language policy, provides curriculum, materials, and training for teaching English to students aged 4-16. Activities include stories, booklets, and songs, utilizing materials like folders, crayons, and booklets. While used in many private schools, the materials are not publicly available.

Dip-Dip-Dip: English for Young Learners

Designed for berritzeguneak...

Analyzing Short Stories

Commentary Structure

1. Introduction: Engage with a relevant observation about the modern world.
2. Beginning: State your opinion clearly (for or against).
3. Arguments: Present three arguments supporting or opposing the topic, using transition words like:
   • Firstly
   • Secondly
   • Further / Moreover / In addition
4. Conclusion: Provide concluding remarks.

Useful Phrases for Commentary

• Firstly, Secondly, Finally...
• In addition, Moreover...
• This brings us to the question of whether...
• To my mind, you can say that...
• The way I see it...
• I maintain that...
• Luckily / Fortunately / Unfortunately
• All the same (nevertheless)
• In spite of
• It is true that, but...

Understanding Short Stories

Key Characteristics

1. No long introduction; the reader is immediately immersed in

Unit 3: Middle English Literature

3.1 General Characteristics of the Period

The Middle English period spans from 1100 to 1500, although some scholars prefer 1150 as the starting point, particularly regarding literature (the final entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is dated to 1154). While 1500 is conventionally used as the closing date, 1547 (the death of Henry VIII) has gained recent traction. The Norman Conquest of 1066 dramatically reshaped English literature and culture during these 400 years. William, the Duke of Normandy's invasion, led to a new French aristocracy, establishing French as the language of the ruling class. While the masses continued speaking English, it was considered uncultivated. However, the influx of French words enriched...

Criteria for Selecting Internetworking Devices

When selecting an internetworking device, the most important criteria include processing speed, the amount of latency, support for LAN and WAN technologies, ease of configuration, Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), and Mean Time to Repair (MTTR).

Single-Mode vs. Multimode Fiber Optics

Single-mode fiber allows only one light path and has a low core diameter. It also supports higher bandwidth. Single-mode fiber is generally faster because its smaller core diameter ensures that only one path is taken, reducing signal dispersion.

The Importance of QoS in Modern Networks

Quality of Service (QoS) features are often necessary in LAN switches and routers because they provide reliable service between the sender...

Vocabulary Distinctions

1. Build vs. Construe

   • Build: To make something by putting bricks or other materials together.
   • Construe: To understand the meaning, especially of other people's actions and statements, in a particular way.

2. Freeze vs. Congeal

   • Freeze: To make food last a long time by storing it at a very low temperature so that it becomes hard.
   • Congeal: To change from a liquid or soft state to a thick or solid state.

3. Human vs. Humane

   • Human: Of or typical of people; a man, woman, or child.
   • Humane: Showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering.

4. Answer, Reply, and Response

   • Answer: A reaction to a question, letter, phone call, etc.
   • Reply: To answer; to react to an action by someone else.
   • Response: An answer or reaction.

Railroad Operating Rules and Signal Definitions

• Absolute Signal: A fixed signal outside a block system that governs the approach to a block.
• Distant Signal: A fixed signal outside a block system that governs the approach to a block signal.
• Centralized Traffic Control (CTC): A block system that uses block signal indications to authorize train movements.
• Current of Traffic: The movement of trains in one direction on a main track as specified by the rules.
• Controlled Point: A location where absolute signals are controlled by a Control Operator (CO).
• Main Track: A track extending through yards that must not be occupied without authority.
• Controlled Siding: A siding where the signal indication authorizes siding use.
• Station: A place designated by name in

Core Business and Administrative Terms

• Invoices: Documents for goods or work done.
• Back-office: The internal operations of an organization that are not accessible or visible to the general public.
• Undertake: To start a piece of work.
• Synergy: Extra effects when people or businesses combine and work together.
• Drawbacks: Disadvantages.

Logistics and Warehousing Operations

• Upstream: At an early stage in a process.
• Downstream: At a later stage in the process.
• Batches: Groups of things that are made together.
• Warehouses: Large buildings for storing goods.
• Distribution centres: Buildings used for the storage of goods which will later be shipped to retail outlets.
• Third-party logistics providers: External firms that provide specialist services such as transportation

Additional and Safety Power Supplies

A normal supply is provided by a primary supplier. An additional supply is provided by the same company, where independent energy distribution facilities are available. Additional supplies are classified as follows:

• Relief Supply: Limited to receiving 15% of the total power contracted for the normal supply.
• Backup Supply: Limited to receiving at least 25% of the power contracted for the normal supply.
• Duplicate Supply: Capable of maintaining service at more than 50% of the total power contracted for the normal supply.

Emergency Lighting Systems

The purpose of emergency lighting is to ensure illumination during a failure of the normal lighting system. It illuminates premises and access to exits for a potential...