Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Primary education

 G.Bunshaft,Hirshhorn MuseumW.Dc 69-74 FrankLloy Wright,guggenheim museum,NY 43-59 Gang,aqua tower,chicago,il 08

Adjaye,National Museum of African American History, W, DC 17

Roche & Dinkeloo, College Life Insurance Company, Indiana, 70

Kenzo, Kagawa Prefecture Government Hall , Japan, 1958

Eero, TWA Flight Center, NY,56-62 Paul Rudolph, Yale Art and Architecture Building, New Haven,58-62

Kenzo, Peace Memorial Center, Japan 46-56

McDonough and Associates, Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, OH,01

Moore, Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans,75-78 Le Corbusier, Ronchamp, France,50-54 Graves, Portland Services Building, Portland,79

diller + renfro - Phantom House - New York Times Magazine,07 Stirling, Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany,77-84 Louis...

Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Literature (449-1066)

Old English literature, also referred to as Anglo-Saxon literature, is dated between 449/600 (the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) and 1100/1200 (the establishment of Norman rule). It is hypothesized that until the sixth century BC, the British Isles were inhabited by Iberians, and from the sixth to seventh centuries BC by Celts. It also represents the language, now known as Old English, that was spoken and written by Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in England.

This period was characterized by foreign invasions and internal struggles, resulting in the mixing of several races, languages, and cultures. Life was mostly centered on ancestral tribes or clans. Initially, people...

Authoritarian Regimes

Politics: Power was concentrated in the hands of a supreme leader and one ruling political party. Propaganda was used to spread the party's message and glorify the leader. There were no free elections, and other political parties were prohibited.

Economy: The state intervened in and controlled the economy. Public-works programmes were used to reduce unemployment, and trade unions were prohibited or controlled by the ruling party.

Society: The state limited rights and freedoms, and repressive measures were used against people who opposed or criticised the regime.

Foreign policy: These regimes pursued expansionist foreign policies to gain new territory and access to raw materials.

The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)

In April...

1. The Transition to Democracy (1975-1978)

Following Franco’s death in 1975, Spain entered a period of transition from dictatorship to democracy. This era lasted until the creation of the Constitution of 1978. The process of change was characterized as:

• Tolerant
• Admired internationally
• A model to be followed by other countries

1.1. The Beginning of the Transition (1975-1976)

On 22 December 1975, Juan Carlos of Bourbon was crowned King of Spain. To change from a dictatorial regime to a democratic system, there were two alternatives:

• Drastic option: Immediate dissolution of the Francoist institutions, amnesty for political prisoners, legalization of political parties, and the summoning of a constituent parliament.
• Reformist option: Attain democracy

Economy and Society in the Modern Age

The modern age began with the discovery of the American continent in 1492 and ended with the French Revolution in 1789.

Exploration and Discoveries

During the 15th and 16th centuries, many significant geographic discoveries took place.

Economic Transformation

During the modern age, agriculture was the main economic activity, but commerce was growing, and industrialization was starting.

• International commerce increased as more people began travelling to other countries around the world.
• European countries produced more coins, using gold and silver from America.
• The first banks accumulated money and charged interest for giving loans.
• The first modern factories appeared, featuring new machines and other technology.

Key Historical Figures

• Lvov: President of the Russian Provisional Government
• Trotsky: Founder of the Red Army
• Hoover: American President from 1929 to 1933
• Lenin: Leader of the Soviet Union since 1924
• Hitler: German Chancellor in 1933
• Goebbels: Minister of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda
• Roosevelt: American President since 1933
• Russian Tsar: Nicholas II
• Pius XII: Pope who wrote an anti-Nazi encyclical
• Victor Emmanuel III: Italian King

Vocabulary and Definitions

• Duma: Russian parliament
• Gestapo: Nazi secret police
• Hitler Youth: Nazi youth movement
• NKVD: Soviet secret police
• New Deal: Policy issued by Roosevelt
• KKK: American racist movement
• Kinder, Küche, Kirche (KKK): Nazi policy on gender
• Nuremberg Laws: Laws that outlawed marriages between Jews and Aryans
• Putsch:

The Literary Landscape of 1930s and 1940s Britain

The literary generation of the 1930s consisted of writers who grew up during the Great War but were too young to fight. They viewed themselves as replacements for the "Lost Generation," possessing the ability to read and interpret the experiences of war. During this era, poets developed early postmodernist currents to express the horror of conflict. Notable writers of this period included Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke.

Political Awareness and Economic Instability

This middle-class generation developed a strong political awareness during the period of disillusionment following the Great War. While the 1920s—often called the "Roaring Twenties"—saw significant industrial and economic expansion,...

The Emancipation of Spanish America

Factors Driving Independence

The reasons for independence were multifaceted, stemming from opposition to the metropolis's commercial control and the ambitions of the Creoles. The reforms of Charles III had tightened control over colonial administration, displacing native officials with mainland appointees. Furthermore, the American church—particularly the lower clergy—favored independence, especially following the confiscations under Charles IV.

External factors acted as a constant stimulus, notably the example of the United States gaining independence from Britain and rapidly becoming a major power. Both the U.S. and Britain provided support, driven by economic interests. Additionally, Creole ideology,...

From Lenin to Stalin

The Creation of the Third International

Russian revolutionary socialist thought shied away from accommodating bourgeois democracy and becoming reformist parties. Its aim was no longer the destruction of capitalism. Faced with this situation, the Bolsheviks defended the need to renew Marxism, creating parties willing to lead the revolution. This had also been happening in Russia. Founded in Moscow, the Third International, also known as the Comintern, made a call for all socialist parties to abandon the Second International and adhere to the new revolutionary wing. This proposal caused divisions. The break became more evident when it adopted the 21 conditions that had to be met by the parties that wanted to adhere. The 21...

Bolshevik Power Consolidation and State Formation

Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly

The Constituent Assembly, which emerged from the elections, was expected to transform the Tsarist system into a democratic republic. However, once the Bolsheviks seized power, they decided to dissolve it during its first and only session. This decision was made because the Bolsheviks lacked a majority, and the Assembly refused to submit to the decisions of the Soviets.

The Communist Party and State Structure

The Bolshevik Party renamed itself the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), establishing itself as the central power. Its leadership was entrusted to a committee known as the Politburo. The party was headed by a General Secretary, and only party...