Vital Functions of Living Beings

Nutrition

The function by which living beings utilize food substances to produce energy.

Relation

The function by which all living beings relate to the environment and respond to stimuli.

Reproduction

The function by which every living being is capable of producing similar beings.

Chemical Composition of Living Beings

Bioelements

These are the chemical elements that form part of living beings.

Classification by Abundance

They are preferentially classified as:

• Fundamental Bioelements
• Secondary Bioelements
• Trace Elements (Oligoelements)

Biomolecules

These are the molecules that form part of living beings. They can be:

• Organic: Large molecules characterized by long chains of carbon atoms.
• Inorganic: Small molecules that do not contain

Geological Deformation: Types and Structures

Types of Material Deformation

• Elastic Deformation: Material changes shape when subjected to stress but recovers its original shape when stress ceases.
• Plastic Deformation: Material deforms when subjected to stress and does not regain its original shape when the stress stops.
• Fracture: The effort causes the material to lose its internal cohesion and break.

Strike and Dip

• Strike: The angle measured in a horizontal plane between true north and the strike line of a geological feature (e.g., a bedding plane or fault plane).
• Dip: The angle between a geological surface (e.g., a bedding plane or fault plane) and a horizontal plane. It is measured perpendicular to the strike and indicates the direction a ball would

Factors That Determine the Shape of Relief:

• The Type of Rock: Every rock has specific characteristics.
• Climate: The type of external geological agent that dominates an area is determined by the climate.
• The Structure of Materials: Rocks that have been folded or fractured provide an initial way.
• Relief Seniority: External geological agents remove materials from one place and deposit them in others.

Clay Reliefs: However, in arid climates with little vegetation, poor but torrential rains originate a dense network of gullies and ravines called badlands. Karst Reliefs: Reliefs arising from the dissolution of limestone or other similar rocks are known as karst relief. Forms of Karst: Rainwater dissolves the surface of the limestone and forms small furrows...

Mètodes d'Estudi i Estructura Interna de la Terra

Mètodes directes: Estudi de les mostres de materials obtingudes mitjançant perforacions.

Mètodes indirectes: Són útils en l'anàlisi de les característiques del nostre planeta.

• Radi de la Terra: 6371 km
• Escorça: 30 km

Discontinuitats Sísmiques

Una discontinuïtat és una zona de contacte entre dues capes de la geosfera. Les ones sísmiques, en travessar el mantell i les discontinuïtats, canvien de trajectòria.

• Discontinuïtat de 1r grau: Es produeix un canvi brusc de les propietats entre dues capes. Inclou la de Mohorovicic (entre l'escorça i el mantell) i la de Gutenberg (entre el mantell i el nucli).
• Discontinuïtat de 2n grau: Canvi gradual entre dues capes. Inclou la de Repetti (entre

Oxygen

Oxygen is produced by plants during photosynthesis. When environmental temperatures are sluggish, or at high temperatures, oxygen combines with substances to form an oxidizer. It is considered to participate in the activation of combustion. Oxygen is odorless, colorless, and tasteless.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. It is colorless, tasteless, odorless, and inert. It is not flammable. Nitrogen is obtained through the natural nitrogen cycle.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. It is relatively inert at ambient temperatures. It is considered a fuel, and a small ignition with oxygen (O2) in the presence of free light, heat, and water vapor can occur. While it constitutes a very small percentage...

Hormones: Specific Chemical Messengers

A hormone is a chemical that acts on target cells, specifically those that have receptors for it. Hormones are very efficient: a minimal amount is enough to fulfill its function. Its production is controlled, and both excess and deficit of a hormone can cause disease.

Sensory Organs and Their Characteristics

• Sight: the eye, which detects light.
• Hearing: the ear, which detects vibrations.
• Taste: the tongue, which detects dissolved chemical substances.
• Smell: the nasal fossae, which detect gaseous chemical substances.
• Touch: the skin, which detects pressure.

The Skin

The skin has two main layers: the superficial epidermis and the deep dermis.

The Epidermis

The epidermis is an epithelial tissue made up of layers of...

Our Planet Earth: Its Place in the Universe

The Earth is a planet in our Solar System. It is part of a single galaxy called the Milky Way, but there are many galaxies in the universe.

The Earth in the Solar System

Components of the Solar System

The Solar System is formed by the Sun, 8 planets, 3 principal dwarf planets, and a series of other celestial bodies.

Planets

Planets are celestial bodies that orbit the Sun and do not have their own light. Earth is one of the planets belonging to the Solar System. Some planets also have satellites that orbit around them.

Planets and their satellites have movements: they rotate on their own axis and also revolve around the Sun, following paths called orbits.

Each celestial body orbits its sun at different times...

Law 15/1999 and Law 34/2002

Law 15/1999 of December 13, Protection of Personal Data, and Law 34/2002 of July 11, concerning services of the information society and e-mail.

Hypertext Document

A hypertext document is part of a multimedia system that allows linking with another document.

Understanding Forces

Definition of Strength

Strength is an action capable of producing or modifying the state of rest or motion of a body or producing deformations. The unit of force in the International System of Measurement is the Newton (N).

Measuring Forces

To measure forces, we use dynamometers.

Mechanical Properties of Materials

The mechanical properties are those that determine the behavior of materials when one or more forces act upon them.

• Resistance: The ability

Orogen: geological structures originally larger d is due to internal heat molded by external agents.

Meander: Curves in the path of a river where erosion occurs on the outside and sedimentation on the inside.

Dolina: Subsidence in the ground caused by the dissolution in the subsurface.

Loess: Extensive clay deposits transpote wind up thousands of miles

Morrenas: are deposits of sediment is called till, which is transported by glaciers

Domain Mediterranean: are temperate climates are dry and rainfall in spring and autumn floods. Streams and wadis are dry all year round except when it rains. The sediment-laden water flows for this reason the presence of alluvial fans in the valley bottom end their tour the streams and ravines. Vegetation is...

Rock Deformation

The resulting strain rate of rock deformation depends on several factors, including:

• The intensity and duration of the applied force.
• The physical nature of the rock.
• The specific location within the crust where deformation occurs.

Before these deforming forces, rocks typically respond in two ways: breaking (forming diaclases or faults) or folding.

Folds

Folds are ripples that occur when forces act upon rocks that deform plastically without breaking.

Elements of a Fold

To outline the characteristics of folds, the following elements are defined:

• Hinge, edges, and core
• Axial plane and fold axis
• Ridges and furrows: Ridges are points of maximum height, while furrows correspond to the lowest points.

The position of a fold can be determined through...