Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Other courses

Bourbon Reforms: State Organization & Centralization

Government reform in 18th-century Spain was driven by two key principles prevalent in Europe:

• Centralization: All government actions were to originate from the monarch and his ministers.
• Uniformity: These measures were to apply equally to all nationals, aiming to curb local and provincial privileges.

Significant reforms were implemented across various sectors:

• Army and Navy: Recruitment shifted to a triple system: volunteers, compulsory levies for vagrancy, and the "quintas" (conscription).
• Fiscal System: Tax reforms were introduced.
• Economy: State-sponsored manufacturing was established.
• Infrastructure: Public works projects were undertaken.

Spanish America in the 18th Century: Bourbon Absolutism

In...

Conflicting Developmental Goals

Developmental goals can be conflicting when the fulfillment of a goal for one group of people comes at the expense of another. What is development for one may not be for another, and it can even be destructive for others.

• Example 1: A wealthy industrialist may have the developmental goal of building a dam to generate electricity for a new factory, which would increase profits and create jobs. However, this same dam would displace local farmers and villagers who depend on the land that would be submerged, thus destroying their livelihood and traditional way of life.

• Example 2: A rich farmer wants to dig tube wells to irrigate his fields and increase crop yield. This goal, however, can lead to the over-extraction

Spanish Fishing Regions

Fishing employs approximately 80,000 people in Spain (0.6% of the population), and another 30,000 in shellfish harvesting. Employment in this sector has decreased due to fleet reduction, ship modernization, and work mechanization. However, it still significantly impacts shipyards, canning factories, fishing equipment manufacturers, ice plants, and transportation.

Challenges in Spanish Fisheries

National fish stocks are limited because the continental shelf off the Spanish coast is very small. Overfishing, driven by rising demand, has depleted fishing grounds. The artisanal fleet, consisting of small inshore (coastal) fishing boats, operates in these waters.

In open water, the overwhelming bulk of fish landed comes from other...

Environmental and Ecological Terms

• Drought: A long period with little or no rain.
• Creatures: Living beings (animals, insects, etc.).
• Soil erosion: The gradual wearing away of soil.
• Breed: To raise animals so they produce young.
• By law: According to official rules or regulations.
• Reusable: Can be used many times.
• Single-use: Designed to be used once.
• Biodegradable: Able to break down naturally.
• Biofuels: Fuels made from living things or organic waste.
• Population: All the people living in a place.
• Restore: To return something to a good condition.
• Recovery: The process of getting something back or improving.
• Greenhouse gas emissions: Gases (like CO₂) that trap heat in the atmosphere.
• Energy-saving: Using little electricity or power.
• Bank (river bank): Land

Urban Planning and Geography Definitions

Adarves

Winding, highly irregular dead-end streets.

Metropolitan Area

An urban area formed by a large city that serves as the organizing center for a wider region encompassing several municipalities.

Cardo and Decumanus

A grid plan for streets in ancient Roman cities, featuring two main roads: the Cardo (north-south) and the Decumanus (east-west). The forum was typically located at their intersection. Examples include Zaragoza and Mérida.

Citadel

An inner fortress or stronghold within a town, often containing homes, historically used for defense.

Conurbation

A continuous urban area formed by the parallel growth and merging of several independent cities.

Hinterland

The terrestrial area of influence for a port, from...

The Morisco and Mudejar Experience

The term Morisco refers to the Mudejar population in Spain who, from the early sixteenth century, were forced to convert to Christianity. The Catholic Monarchs violated their guarantee of religious freedom, causing serious tensions that led to the uprising of 1500, which was crushed a year later. Since 1502, the Moors were forced to choose between conversion or expulsion.

During the first half of the sixteenth century, evangelization proceeded. However, during the reign of Charles I, the Moriscos—thanks to the support they provided him during the Revolt of the Comuneros—gained more flexibility, allowing them to preserve certain institutions and maintain their own personality despite their conversion to Christianity....

Major Urban Types of Spanish Cities

As a result of the long process of urbanization, the current Spanish city has a complex structure. In conventional cities or those individualized from the surrounding countryside, these areas include the old town (corresponding to pre-industrial urbanization), the widening of the industrial era, and the current periphery.

The Old Town and Historic Centers

These areas correspond to the urbanized part of the city from its beginnings to the industrial era. Many of these cities were founded to serve a military function and were surrounded by walls. Although they now occupy a small area, modern cities maintain a noble business of personal and public administration and tourism activity, which is very important in...

Toward the Contemporary World

At the end of the 18th century, certain movements in the economy overrode attempts at protectionism, which was based in most countries of old Europe. Industry was widely dispersed, operating in workshops, and the small textile industry was concentrated. After 1760, this process became known as the Industrial Revolution. This reform began in England, where the bourgeoisie controlled power, helping to transform agriculture. The Industrial Revolution marked the transition from a traditional agrarian economy to one marked by industry and machine production.

Demographic Revolution: Population Increases

Causes:

• Drop in mortality.
• Eradication of diseases (Black Death).
• Progress of personal and urban hygiene.
• Collection of garbage

• Abbots Way P. H. Southway, Southway Drive
• Albert Gate Stoke West/Keyham, Albert Road
• Aldi (Central) Stonehouse, Union Street
• Alexandra Park Keyham, Royal Navy Avenue
• Annabell's Disco Barbican, Vauxhall Street
• Asda Superstore Estover, Leypark Drive
• Asia Chic Coxside/Barbican, Sutton Road/East Quay House
• Astor Hall Stoke, Devonport Road
• Ba Bas Crownhill, Morshead Road
• Barbican Theatre Barbican, Castle Street
• BBC Studios Mannamead, Seymour Road
• Beaumont Park St Judes, Beaumont Road
• Belgrave Snooker Club Mutley, Belgrave Road
• Blue Bird P. H. Compton, Eggbuckland Road
• Blue Peter P. H. Plymstock, Pomphlett Road
• Bombay Brasserie Coxside, Lockyers Quay
• Boringdon Primary School Plympton, Courtland Crescent
• Brass Monkey P. H. Central, Royal Parade
• Brickfields Devonport,

This document examines five key human resources themes from the 20th century and their significance in understanding labor market evolution.

Concentration of Employment Shifts

Explanation of Employment Concentration

The concentration of employment shifted from primary (agriculture, raw materials) to secondary (manufacturing) and then to tertiary (service) industries throughout the 20th century. This transition was significantly aided by technological advancements. While overall employment grew, its distribution across industry sectors underwent substantial change, leading to increased educational requirements for the workforce.

Significance for Labor Market Change

Understanding this shift is crucial for comprehending labor market evolution. As technology...