Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for French for Secondary education

Morphology: The Study of the Internal Structure of Words

Syntax: The Study of the Combination of Words

Semantics: The Study of the Meaning of Linguistic Expressions

Prefixes

• Negation: a-theist / dis-obey / in-complete / non-smoker / un-wise
• Reversal: de-frost / dis-connect / un-mask
• Disparaging: mal-function / mis-lead / pseudo-event
• Size or degree: arch-enemy / co-pilot / hyper-market / mega-loan / mini-skirt / sub-conscious / super-market / sur-charge / ultra-modern / vice-president
• Orientation: anticlockwise / auto-suggestion / contra-indicate / counterclockwise
• Location and distance: extra-terrestrial / inter-play / intra-venous / pan-African / super-structure / tele-scope / trans-plant
• Time and order: ex-husband / fore-shadow / neo-Gothic / paleo-

The Writing Process Stages

1. Pre-writing

This is the planning phase of the writing process, when students brainstorm, research, gather, and outline ideas, often using diagrams for mapping out their thoughts. Audience and purpose should be considered at this point, and for older students, a working thesis statement needs to be started.

2. Drafting

Students create their initial composition by writing down all their ideas in an organized way to convey a particular idea or present an argument. Audience and purpose need to be finalized.

3. Revising

Students review, modify, and reorganize their work by rearranging, adding, or deleting content, and by making the tone, style, and content appropriate for the intended audience. The goal of this phase of the...

VOCABULARY: CITY LIFE

Slum (Barrio Bajo)

Urban street or district inhabited by very poor people.

Low-Income (De Bajos Ingresos)

Of or belonging to people who earn low wages.

Juvenile Delinquency (Delincuencia Juvenil)

Criminal acts or offenses by a young person.

Homeless (Sin Hogar)

Person who doesn't have a place to live and sleep.

Gangs (Pandillas)

An organized group of criminals.

Crime Rate (Tasa de Criminalidad)

Number of crimes that are committed during a period of time in a particular place.

Residential Area (Area Residencial)

Is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas.

Suburbs (Afuera)

An outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.

Commute (Viajar a Diario)

Travel some distance between one'...

In today's science-obsessed world, thanks to technological development, social media has become an intricate part of daily life. Almost everyone around the world uses at least one social network, such as Facebook or Twitter, where they usually download music and videos, and share information. However, many people are against this practice because they think that social networking sites are a kind of drug, and once you have entered into it, it's very hard to escape. Will you gain some advantages from these platforms, or will they ruin your life? Are they simply a place to waste a considerable amount of time? This is obviously not a black and white issue, and there are powerful arguments on both sides.

Advantages of Social Media

A big advantage...

Notes and Invitations

Thank You Note:

Note of thanks: Hogas

Apology Note:

Carlos

Cinema Invitation:

Popular Individual and Team Sports

Le football: soccer, le tennis: tennis, le basketball: basketball, le handball: handball, le volleyball: volleyball, le rugby: rugby, le baseball: baseball, le badminton: badminton, le tennis de table: table tennis, le polo: polo, le water-polo: water polo, le golf: golf, le billard: billiards, and le bowling: bowling.

Martial Arts and Combat Sports

Le judo: judo, le karaté: karate, le taekwondo: taekwondo, la lutte: fighting/wrestling, la boxe: boxing, and l'escrime: fencing (including l'épée: sword, le fleuret: foil, and le sabre: sabre).

Water and Winter Sports

La natation: swimming, la natation synchronisée: synchronized swimming, la plongée: diving, le surf: surfing, la voile: sailing, le ski nautique:...

Passive Voice

The man studies Latin in university. Latin is studied in university by the man.

Changes

• Present Simple: is/are + past participle
• Present Continuous: is/are being + past participle
• Present Perfect: have/has been + past participle
• Past Simple: was/were + past participle
• Past Perfect: had been + past participle
• Past Continuous: was/were being + past participle
• Will/Can/Must: be + past participle
• Going to: is/are going to be + past participle

Pronoun Changes:

• I - me
• You - you
• He - him
• She - her
• It - it
• We - us
• They - them (always after "by")

Conditionals

• 1st Conditional: Subject + verb (present simple), subject + will/won't + verb (base form)
• 2nd Conditional: Subject + verb (past simple), subject + would + verb (base form)

Reported Speech

"I am making my...

Unusual Things People Have Done

• Painted their face in their team's colors
• Had their tongue pierced
• Dyed their hair orange
• Shaved their head
• Had an unusual hairstyle
• Had a tattoo

Would + Verb in Conditional Sentences

Would + base form of the verb is used in conditional sentences to express hypothetical situations or actions that might happen in the future or that might have happened in the past if something else had been different.

Volcano Vocabulary

• Lava
• Magma
• Crater
• Dust
• Ash

Natural Disasters

1. Pollution (Contaminación)
2. Tsunamis
3. Famine (Hambruna)
4. Forest Fires (Incendios forestales)
5. Floods (Inundaciones)
6. Tornadoes (Tornados)
7. Hurricanes (Huracanes)
8. Drought (Sequía)
9. Disease (Enfermedades)
10. Wars (Guerras)
11. Earthquakes (Terremotos)
12. Climate Change (Cambios de clima)

Verbs and

Key Features of Articles (A, An, The)

• Both describe one or a number of things.
• They precede a noun.

Examples: An excellent book. The book is very thick.

General Rules for A and The

Using "The" (Specific)

Use "the" when referring to one thing in particular.

Example: The dog barks (referring to a specific dog).

Using "A" (General)

Use "a" when referring to one thing in general. Note: "A" literally means one.

Example: A dog barks (referring to any dog).

Indefinite Article Rules (A/An)

Usage with Singular Countable Nouns

Use A or An before singular countable nouns.

Example: He works for an advertising agency.

A vs. An: Based on Sound

• A: Used before consonant sounds. Example: a horse.
• An: Used before vowel sounds. Example: an eagle.

Other Uses of A/An

• To introduce

Advanced English Grammar Practice Exercises

Selecting the Correct Option

Choose the correct option for the following sentences:

• My mum has got... (Answers: 1c, 2c, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6a, 7b)

Completing Sentences with Verb Forms

Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verb:

• My friends told me... (Possible forms: was coming, haven't spoken, will have, will be sleeping, will look for, wouldn't have been, should have called, hadn't had)

Sentence Transformation: Maintaining Meaning (Set 1)

Complete the sentences without changing the original meaning (Reported Speech, Modals, Conditionals, Causative):

• The zookeeper said... told us not to feed the animals.
• (They) must have arrived safely.
• If I had enough money, I would travel this summer.
• (They)