Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Other courses

Adjectives in English

ADJECTIVES:

Pretty girl, big car, small house

Nunca es plural, siempre es singular: ej. red house, NO REDS HOUSES

Orden: opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material, purpose

Ej: A beautiful small new squared red French leather handbag

Comparative of Superiority

COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY

1. One-syllable adjectives

   We normally add -er.

   Adjectives ending in -e add -r.

   Adjectives ending in vowel + consonant: double the consonant and add -er.

   Ej: The turtle is slower than the rabbit.

2. Two-syllable adjectives

   We normally use more before the adjective.

   When the adjective ends in -y, we drop the y and add -ier.

   Ej: This man is happier than that man.

3. Three-syllable or more adjectives

   We use more before the adjective.

   Ej: The lion is more dangerous

Of Mice and Men is a novel written by John Steinbeck, set in California in the early 1900s, during the Great Depression. At this moment of the novel, Curley's wife is introduced for the first time, and Steinbeck describes the atmosphere and reactions of Lennie and George upon seeing her. This essay will explore in detail the ways in which Steinbeck portrays the different feelings of the reader about Curley's Wife through the use of vivid imagery, characterization, metaphors, comparisons, and its themes showing how it was to be a woman at that time.

Discomfort

To start with, one of the main feelings Steinbeck generates in the reader is discomfort. Through the use of characterization, Steinbeck introduces Curley's Wife with 'rouged lips and wide-...

Reported Speech

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is used to convey what someone else said without directly quoting them. The tense of the verb usually shifts back in time.

Statements

Direct: "Many customers have requested puppy's breath," he explained.
Reported: He explained that many customers had requested puppy's breath.

Questions

Direct: "Can you create nasty smells?" they asked Fred.
Reported: They asked Fred if he could create nasty smells.

Direct: "What perfume are you buying today?" Laura asked me.
Reported: Laura asked me what perfume I was buying that day.

Orders

Direct: "Turn on the aroma generator," the boss told her.
Reported: Her boss told her to turn on the aroma generator.

Direct: "Don't tell anyone my secret formula,"...

Victorian Stereotypes and Dickens' Response

Victorian stereotypes about the poor asserted that poverty and vice were fundamentally connected, and that both were hereditary traits. The poor were supposedly bad from birth. How does Dickens approach such stereotypes?

Charles Dickens, in Oliver Twist, criticizes the Victorian idea that the poor were naturally destined to live in desperation and bad conditions. He satirizes characters who espouse these views, such as Mrs. Sowerby, who declares that children like Oliver are born to be murderers and robbers from their very cradle. Characters like Nancy and Oliver are also depicted as being born without knowing right from wrong. At the end of the novel, Oliver is revealed to come from a wealthy background....

Sentence Transformation Practice (81-106)

81. Original: I advise you not to do that.

    Transformation: If I were you, I wouldn't do it.

82. Original: "Let's go out and buy something," he said.

    Transformation: He suggested going out and buying something.

83. Original: If you happen to see Mary, tell her I'll ring her later.

    Transformation: Should you see Mary, tell her I'll ring her later.

84. Original: Someone left the phone off the hook all night.

    Transformation: The phone was left off the hook all night.

85. Original: Nobody ever heard anything of David again.

    Transformation: Nothing was heard about David again.

86. Original: You usually eat this kind of fish with a white sauce.

    Transformation: This kind of fish is usually eaten with a white sauce.

87. Original: A painter is painting

A Personal Reflection on Coldplay’s Yellow

Dear Chris Martin,

I hope you are doing well. I have been listening to your music for many years, and I want to begin this letter by saying thank you. Your voice and songwriting have supported me through both good and difficult moments. I often listen to your softer songs like “O” and “Always in My Head” when I need calm. But the song that means the most to me, and the one I always return to, is “Yellow.” I am writing to share my personal interpretation of the song and explain the deeper meaning I find in it.

The Inspiration Behind the Song

You once said that the title came to you when you looked up at the stars during a break from recording. I love this detail, because when I listen to “Yellow,...

Modal Verbs: Obligation

Present Tense

• Affirmative: I/You/We/They must go / have to go. He/She/It must go / has to go.
• Negative: I/You/We/They don't have to go. He/She/It doesn't have to go.

Past Tense

• Affirmative: I/You/He/She/It/We/They had to go.
• Negative: I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't have to go.

We use must and have to to show obligation. Example: We must be quiet in the library.

• We only use have to in questions about obligation. Example: Do I have to do the exam today?
• We use had to to talk about obligation in the past. Example: She had to tidy her bedroom before she went out.
• We use don't have to to show that there is no obligation or that something isn't necessary. Example: She doesn't have to go to work tomorrow.

Modal Verbs: Possibility

Present

Ending Body Shame: Raising Confident Teens in a Filtered World

“If I look like that, maybe I’ll be enough” — the lie we keep believing.

Somewhere right now, a teenager is standing in front of the mirror, eyes full of disappointment, asking themself a question no child should ever ask:

“What’s wrong with me?”

Not because they’ve failed a test. Not because they’ve done something cruel. But because their stomach isn’t flat enough. Because their skin isn’t smooth enough. Because their body doesn’t look like the ones they scroll past, day after day, on screens that never sleep.

And we wonder why young people are falling apart.

We tell them to be confident — but we sell them perfection. We tell them to love themselves — but...

Conditional Sentences in English

If I finish early, I will call you.

She will know the answer if she tries to understand.

If I were a star, I would help the needy.

He would buy a house if he had a job.

She would be happy if she married him.

If he had been careful, he would not have had that terrible accident.

I would have passed the exam if I had worked hard.

Her father would not have died if he had gone to the doctor.

They have had lots of homework in mathematics recently.

Questions and Observations

• How much time do you need to finish the work?
• There are too many students in the library.
• Have you visited any foreign countries?
• Although he's very ill, he hasn't taken any medicine.
• Few people know as much about linguistics as John does.
• They say little knowledge

The Internet: A 20th-Century Revolution

The internet has changed the world, making it one of the most important inventions of the 20th century.

Benefits of the Internet

The internet has positively transformed how we communicate and access resources:

• Enhanced Communication: Social media, for example, helps people talk to each other quickly, no matter where they are.
• Accessible Information: Getting information is much easier now, helping people learn and share knowledge more effectively.
• E-commerce Growth: In addition, online shopping has grown, making it convenient to buy things and helping businesses reach more customers.

Drawbacks of the Internet

However, the internet also presents some significant problems:

• Cybersecurity Issues: Threats like hacking