Information Technology and Communication (ICT)

Technologies based on microelectronics, robotics, computer, and communication networks.

Computing Fundamentals

Computing: The set of techniques and activities that address information, allowing it to be stored quickly and automatically with computers.

System: The set of elements needed to perform automatic processing of information.

Hardware Components

Hardware: Includes all the physical elements of the computer system.

Computer: A machine that can automatically receive information, store it in memory, and process it using programs or instruction sets.

Microprocessor (CPU): Responsible for coordinating and carrying out all operations of the system.

Peripherals

External elements that allow communication between...

Modems and Routers: Connectivity Explained

A modem is a device that transforms digital signals from a computer into analog signals and vice versa, enabling connections via analog telephone lines. A router is used to interconnect computer networks. When connected to an ADSL line, it links the user to the internet, while a wireless system allows access through Wi-Fi devices.

Cybersecurity and Data Protection

Cryptography is used to protect information sent over the internet, ensuring it remains inaccessible to unauthorized users. Common methods include:

• Browsing secure HTTPS pages.
• Using digital certificates.
• Email encryption.
• Identifying users with electronic signatures.

Means of Prevention

To augment security during system operation, the following mechanisms...

Java Programming Examples

This collection provides fundamental Java code snippets demonstrating core concepts such as classes, arrays, interfaces, and data structures.

1. Employee Salary Management

This example demonstrates how to manage employee data using an array of objects and basic arithmetic calculations.

import java.util.Scanner;

class Emp {
    private int id;
    private String name;
    private double sal, pf, hra;

    void set(int i, String n, double s, double p, double h) {
        id = i; name = n; sal = s; pf = p; hra = h;
    }

    void display() {
        double total = sal + hra - pf;
        System.out.println(id + " " + name + " Total: " + total);
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

Constants and Variables

Constants

Constants are quantities whose values do not change during program execution. They may be numeric, character, or string.

Numeric Constants

Numeric constants are of two types: integer and floating-point numbers.

• Integer Constants: Represent values that are counted, such as the number of students in a class. Examples include 7145, -234, and 26.
• Floating-point Constants: Used to represent values that are measured, such as height (e.g., 166.75 cm) or weight (e.g., 82.6 kg).

Character and String Constants

• Character Constant: A symbol from the C character set (digits 0-9, letters A-Z, a-z, punctuation, and special symbols). These are enclosed in single quotes, such as 'a' or 's'.
• String Constant: A sequence of characters

This document provides essential C language implementations for several fundamental sorting and searching algorithms. These examples are crucial for understanding basic data manipulation techniques in computer science.

QuickSort Implementation (Non-Standard Partition)

The following function, quick, attempts to implement a recursive sorting mechanism, often associated with QuickSort. Note that the partitioning logic here uses an insertion-like approach to place elements smaller than the pivot (pivo) before it.

void quick(int vet[], int esq, int dir){
    int pivo = esq, i,ch,j;         
    for(i=esq+1;i<=dir;i++){        
        j = i;                      
        if(vet[j] < vet[pivo]){     
            ch = vet[j];

1. Distributed Database Configuration and Vertical Fragmentation in Oracle

1.1 Network Configuration

File name: tnsnames.ora
Command to execute: tnsping
Database link to TOLOSA:

CREATE DATABASE LINK TOLOSA
CONNECT TO "ASR32aa"
IDENTIFIED BY "ASR32aa"
USING 'OracleSqlserver';

Fragmentation type: Vertical fragmentation

1.2 Data Insertion into Fragments

INSERT INTO dbo.CLIENTES1@TOLOSA
SELECT cod_cli, Nombre, Apellido, Email, Codigo_postal, Poblacion
FROM CLIENTES;

INSERT INTO dbo.CLIENTES2@EIBAR
SELECT cod_cli, Pelicula, Hobby, Otros_intereses
FROM CLIENTES;

1.3 Reconstructing the Data from Fragments

SELECT z1.cod_cli, z1.Nombre, z1.Apellido, z1.Email, z1.Codigo_postal, z1.Poblacion,
       z2.Pelicula, z2.Hobby, z2.Otros_intereses
FROM dbo.CLIENTES1@

Understanding Structural and Behavioral Models

A structural model is used to analyze the structure of a system of objects and their relationships. This model is developed in layers. Within this framework, structural modules (mod_estrutural) are used to mount interaction diagrams that show the relationship between modules and subsystems.

The Role of Interaction Diagrams

An interaction diagram (D_interação) is a behavioral specification that includes a sequence of message exchanges between a set of objects to achieve a purpose. These should be used when you wish to view the behavior of various objects within a single use case, based on the messages passed between them. The strength of these diagrams is their simplicity.

Sequence and Collaboration

Features of Free Software

Free software provides the following freedoms:

• The freedom to run the program for any purpose.
• The freedom to study how the program works and adapt it to your needs.
• The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.
• The freedom to improve the program and release improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits.

Sharing Resources in Windows

To share network resources in Windows, you need to ensure that file and printer sharing is enabled in the local area network configuration. To do this, go to "Network Connections", right-click on "Local Area Connection", and select "Properties".

Types of Users

• Administrator or Root: Responsible for configuration and maintenance.
• User: Uses the system and accesses resources

Computers

Tabs: Format / Tabs

Automatically hyphenate text: Tools / Language / scripts / check the box for automatic text Division

Borders and Shading: Format / Borders and Shading

Bleeding: Increase Indent

Index and Tables: Insert / Reference / Index and Tables / Table of contents / formats: FORMAL

Margins: File / Page Setup / ex: top: 3.5, bottom: 2.5, Left: 2.5, Right: 2.5; Bookbinding: 0; Orientation: Vertical

To begin on the second page: Insert / Page Numbers / format / activity initiated in and writes 2

To insert a new page: control intro

Header and footer: See / Encabzado and footer

To begin on page 15: Insert / Page Numbers / Format / start at: Type 15

Word count: Tools / count words

To change font: size / source / preset

Columns: Format...