Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Biology for Baccalaureate

Conceptos Fundamentales del Metabolismo

Rutas y Redes Metabólicas

Una ruta o vía metabólica es un proceso que consiste en una cadena de reacciones en la que el producto de una reacción sirve de sustrato para la siguiente. Estas vías pueden ser lineales o cíclicas.

Las redes metabólicas se forman cuando algunas vías se conectan entre sí. Ciertos compuestos formados en ellas pueden intervenir tanto en procesos catabólicos como anabólicos.

Glucólisis: La Ruptura de la Glucosa

La glucólisis se divide en dos fases principales:

1. Fase preparatoria: Comprende la fosforilación inicial de la glucosa y su posterior ruptura en dos moléculas de triosas. En estos procesos se consume ATP.
2. Fase de beneficios: Incluye la oxidación de las triosas sin

The Blastula

At the end of segmentation a clearly formed blastocoel is present. The blastodisc is the equivalent of the blastoderm of amphibians and consists of several layers of cells.

Organizer Substances and the Theory of Induction

Theory of Induction explains the differentiation of cells. When a structure is induced, it may in turn induce other structures. Successive waves of induction could explain the organized embryonic development of living organisms.

It was found that organizer properties can be maintained even after the organizer cells are dead. Induction occurs by the transfer of chemical signals from the organizer to the responding cells. The inducing substance instructs the affected cells to differentiate in a specific way.

How can

cell wall is thick and stiff cover wraps q cel.Vegetals. Component + feature is the abundant cellulose. The secret has celulla and forming successive layers: lamina average primary wall and secondary wall. Frmada a sta x network of cellulose fibers and Trius. Matrix can be impregnated with lignin (cell wall gives rigidity, skeletal tissue), and cutin suberina (waterproofing the walls of the cell q frmen tissue protective escorçadelsarbres and epidermis of leaves and stems) and carbonate Calico and silica (stiffness in the epidermis of many leaves.) FUNCTION: shape and rigidity to the cell, prevent rupture, swell and break. Space between the cell cytoplasm and nuclear envelope mp. Sta constitiut xl citoso l (Madi internal cytoplasm, where aqueous...

Phases of the Digestion Process

Phases of the process of digestion: to make the substance absorbable and useful for the body's needs:

1. Separating the food: breaking it into fragments that can be ingested.
2. Withdrawing from the external environment: preventing food from being contaminated by another substance.
3. Locking in: keeping food in containers so that it can advance through the system.
4. Moulding: increasing the surface area as much as possible.
5. Mixing with liquids: facilitating and transforming the substance so that it can start to be processed.
6. Passing into the body: allowing it to reach all cells (absorption).
7. Expelling what we do not need: so that waste does not accumulate inside.

Teeth

Teeth are organs implanted in the bones of the upper and lower...

1 THE EVOLUTION OF LIVING

1.1 old theory about the origin of species
Fixism or creationism
is a theory proposed qe qe species do not change, but qe remain unchanged over time.
animal or plant species would be immutable, and can not be any change in them, and qe no kinship among them. (Karl von Linné)
Catastrophism
Cuvier, interpret the fossil qe qe was discovered in certain locations corresponded to remnants of organisms qe existido.Para had to explain this diversity, was qe develop the theory of ... . According to this theory, there was a catastrophe qe destroy existing species, so qe subsequent emergence of a creation of new species.
1.2 Evolution: Evolutionary theories
Transformism
Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck, with his comments...

Hominid Cranial Evolution and Physical Traits

The Australopithecus possessed a larger cranium than its predecessors, featuring an accentuated undershot jaw and a marked supraorbital rim; its teeth were human-like. Homo ergaster adapted to hard foods and maintained a large habilis-like cranium with a developed supraorbital arch and small teeth. Homo erectus consumed softer foods, utilized fire, and featured a low oblique border with a prominent face. Homo antecessor displayed a solid jaw and a combination of modern and archaic characters.

Neanderthals, associated with cannibalistic practices, had a highly developed musculature, standing approximately 1.65m tall, and a long cranium. The modern hominid features a brain-based bipedal structure with...