Aircraft systems

SDI (Sludge Density Index):The weight in grams of one mL of sludge after settling for 30 minutes. SDI = 100/SVI.

· Process design Examples:

-Complete Mix activated sludge (CMAS): Air is blown into the tank to keep the waste mixed With the organisms and to add oxygen to the water and remove soluble SS and Ammonia by exposing the waste to organisms.

-Sequencing batch reactor: This is operated Under non-steady state conditions in a batch mode with aeration and sludge Settlement occurring in the same tank. The SBR tank carries out the functions Of equalization aeration and sedimentation in a time sequence.

-Staged nitrification process: Greater treatment efficiency/capacity than a single complete mix reactor.

· Biological Nitrogen Removal (BNR): All BNR processes include an aerobic zone where biological Nitrification occurs. Some anoxic volumes and times are required for denitrification And total N removal.

- Examples of BNR include “anoxic/aerobic process,”,“step-feed anoxic/aerobic Process,” “intermittent aeration,” “sequencing batch reactor,” and “post-anoxic Denitrification with methanol addition.”

- As part of BNR, in the anoxic/aerobic process, key design factors include “anoxic detention time,” “mixed Liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) Concentrations,” “internal recycle rate And return sludge flow,” “influent BOD or biodegradable COD (bCOD) concentration,” “readily Biodegradable COD (rbCOD) Fraction,” and “ temperature.”

· Biological Phosphorus Removal (BPR):    

· Differences Between A/O, A2O, and UCT:

-Phoredox (A/O) process:

àNo nitrification

àLow operating SRTs To prevent nitrification

(i.E., SRT: 2-3d at 20°C; 4-5d at 10°C for BPR to occur without nitrification.)

à For nitrification, The denitrifcation process must be involved with RAS (return activated sludge).

-A2O And UCT:

àNitrate removal With BPR

àUCT is more widely Used for weak wastewater where the addition of nitrate causes significant Effects on the BPR performance.

· Biological Treatment with membrane separation:  

-Membrane Biological reactor (MBR) systems, which are aerobic or anaerobic suspended Growth bioreactors separating treated wastewater from the active biomass.

-Advantages And disadvantages of the MBR process

2.         Sludge disposal and treatment

· Primary goals:

- Stabilization of the organic matter Contained in the sludge

- Reduction in the volume of sludge For disposal by removing some of the water

- Destruction of pathogenic organisms

- Collection of by-products (possibly Used or sold to offset some of the costs of sludge treatment)

- Disposal of the sludge in a safe And aesthetically acceptable manner

- Treat coarse primary solids and Secondary biosolids accumulated in the wastewater treatment process, as they May contain toxic organic and inorganic compounds.

· Methods for residual treatment:

-Thickening: Increases the solid contents of sludge by removing liquid fractions.

-Stabilization: Reduces sludge’s volatile contents.

-Sludge Conditioning: The addition of chemicals to influent sludge to improve dewatering Characteristics.

-Dewatering: It reduces water content of sludge

-Sludge Disposal: The most common options are land application and landfilling.

· Thickening:

-Thickening Is normally achieved by gravity settling, flotation (DAF), centrifugation (by

inducing centrifugal forces), or Gravity belts.

-           Sludge thickening can have a Significant effect on the cost and size of downstream sludge

treatment processes, such as dewatering, Digestion, and sludge hauling.

· Stabilization:

-           Wastewater sludge poses health hazards (biological sludge contains pathogens that are problematic if not properly Managed, in addition to odor issues.

-           Purpose: To reduce pathogen Contents and reduce the potential for decomposition.

-           Methods: Reduction of sludge Volatile content by i) chemical oxidation, ii) chemical addition to provide Environmental conditions in which microbes cannot survive, and iii) Disinfection 

-           Examples of stabilization

· Sludge Conditioning:

- Prior To dewatering, chemicals are often added to influent sludge to improve its dewatering Characteristics.

- Addition Of chemicals increases solids’ concentration, but physical properties of sludge Are altered to aid in dewatering efficiency.

- Common Chemicals are lime, alum, ferric chloride, and organic polymers.

· Dewatering:

- Reduces Water content of sludge

- Advantages: A) easy to handle; b) reduced hauling cost; c) possibly required for subsequent Sludge treatment including incineration and composting.

- Common Methods: i) centrifugation, ii) belt filter press, iii) pressure filter press, and Iv) sludge drying beds.

· Sludge disposal:

- Land Application and landfilling

- Partial disposal: incineration, Pyrolysis, and wet air oxidation

< Supplementary Information >

3.         Water pollution control overview

- Legislature: This limits the extent of contamination back to natural fresh water sources

(i.E., Clean Water Act and Great Lakes Legacy Act).

-Water Recycling is to take wastewater and re-treat it for non-potable water uses (i.E., field irrigation).

-Water Conservation: By practicing water conservation, there is less wastewater that runs Off into natural habitats.

- Responsible Consuming: Being a responsible consumer means also being a major participant in The fight against water pollution.

- Treatment: Physical, chemical, biological or combined (integrated) treatment options

·Best Available technology:

· Selection of Technology:

- Technology Selection process: multi-criteria optimization considering technological, Logistic, environmental, financial, and institutional factors within a planning Horizon of 10–20 years

- Key factors include “size of community to be served,” “characteristics of sewer System,” “sources of wastewater (i.E., domestic, industrial, storm water, Infiltration),” “future opportunities to minimize pollution loads,” “discharge Standards for treated effluents,” “availability of local skills for design,” “construction And O&M,” “environmental conditions (i.E., land availability, geography, Climate).”

· Onsite Technologies:

-For Domestic wastewater, suitability of various sanitation technologies must be Related to the type of community (i.E., rural, small town, or urban).

-Typically In rural areas, onsite sanitation systems are most appropriate because of low Cost due to absence of sewerage requirements, easy construction, repair and Operation by local community or plot owner, and effectiveness.

· Offsite Technologies:

-Primary Treatment: Physicochemical processes may be incorporated.

-Secondary Treatment: Biological treatment (most common).

-Tertiary Treatment: Reduction of recalcitrant contaminants. Examples of tertiary Treatment technologies include membrane filtration and separation, Dechlorination and disinfection systems, reverse osmosis (RO) systems, ion Exchange, activated carbon adsorption, integrated physical and chemical Treatment.

· Reclamation:

1)Direct Re-use: Some slightly soiled waters may be used again for some purpose not Requiring high quality. No national regulation for water reuse; no regulation For the application for reclaimed water as drinking water supply.

2)Reuse After treatment: Some relatively easily treatable water may be kept separate From the general waste stream and treated to bring it up to a standard suitable For some purpose within the factory.

3)Recycling: This is used repeatedly for the same purpose until the quality is degraded Beyond acceptable limits. Benefits: decreased discharge to sensitive water Bodies; enhancing wetlands and riparian habitats; reducing and preventing Pollution; and saving energy.

-Direct Reuse and recycling require only a minimum of capital outlay and extremely low Running costs.

-Water Re-use: This is an obvious way to reduce the amount of water that must be Extracted from the surface water sources.